Unit 8A.
The musculoskeletal system.
Bones.
Bones can have many structures, as there are many shapes that bones can come in. For example,
bone scan come in flat, short, long or irregular structure. The usual structure of bones is that they are
composed of a bone matrix, which is made up of a compact bone and a spongy bone. The nine matrix
is made up of layers tough proteins, fibers, and collagen. The bone becomes hard and rigid, because
there are calcium crystals, and mineralization, which gives the outer part of the bone a hard
structure. The collagen layer makes the inside part of the bone spongy. Bones have many functions.
One of the main functions of bones is that they make the skeleton of the human body. They uphold
the posture body, and they shape the human body. Bones support the movement of muscles so that
the limbs can move. Bones have an important role in the body which is to protect the internal organs.
For example, the ribcage protects the lungs from any damage or punctures. Bones help to produce
red blood cells and help to produce bone marrow. Bone help and act as a storage place for minerals like
calcium.
Muscles.
Structure. A muscle is made up of a unit called a sarcomere. The sarcomere consists of actin
and myosin filaments, which moves, making the muscles to contract. This makes up muscle
fibers, which are surrounded by layers of protective and smooth tissues. The bunch of muscle
fibers makes up something called a fascicle, which is covered by connective tissues called
perimysium. This is then covered by something called endomysium, which is a sheath of
connective tissue. Muscles have various functions, which include heat production, joint
stability, and pumping blood. The most important function of muscles, is muscle movement, which
makes the limbs in our body move. The muscles relax and contract, which make our limbs move. The
movement that is made via the muscles relaxing and contracting, can either be involuntary, which is
when the muscles move without consciousness, or voluntary contraction, which is when muscle
movement is make consciously.
Tendons.
Tendons are mostly composed of collagen. They are also made up of nerves and blood
vessels. The collagen that tendons are made up are strong, flexible, and resistant to any
damage done to them. The collagen fibers are arranged in bundles, and this made them
have a structure that is similar to the structure of a fibrotic cable. Tendons are also
composed of elastin fibers with dense connective tissues. Tendons facilitate movement
around a joint, when the muscles relax and contract. Tendon’s main structure is to connect the muscles
and the bones together, allowing movement of the limbs. Tendons help prevent muscles from being
badly injured as they would absorb some of the impact of the injury of the muscles
Joints.
Joint have three structures. They can either be fibrous, synovial or cartilaginous. The usual structure of a
joint is they have a joint capsule, and in that capsule, there is a joint cavity, which contains a fluid. This
1
,fluid helps with the movement of the limb. Joints have cartilage that help with the movement. The
main structure of bones is that the have a ball and socket structure, and this help movement. Joint help
with movement, and allow the limbs to move in many ways. Joints help with the extension, rotation
and the flexion of the limbs. The joints also give some places of the body its shape. For example, the
joints in the shoulder and the knees gives these parts of the body its shape. Joints help to support the
body, and some joints help provide structural support.
Cartilage.
Cartilage is made up of lots of flexible connective tissues. It is made up of dense extracellular
matrix (ECM), and is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes. The cartilage matrix is
composed of many specialized cells called proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan, and collagen fibers.
Elastin fibers are also present in collagen. Collagen has a rubbery texture, and it is also very
smooth, elastic, flexible, and strong. Cartilage also has a support structure, for supporting soft
tissues in the body. These can be like the nose and the ears. Cartilage main function is to protect the
joints and the bones. Because cartilage is smooth, it is at the end of the bones, so that they reduce
friction and prevent the bones from wearing, and rubbing together. Cartilage provides support and
flexibility to lots of parts of the body. Cartilage helps to separate bones that are near each other. This
function is usually is parts of the body like the knees. Cartilage also has a function that isnt as important,
but cartilage helps and is involved in growth of long bones that are in the arms and the legs. Cartilage
helps protect the body from mechanical damage, and help store minerals like calcium in the body.
Ligaments.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissues that have many collagen fibers that are
in it. The collagen fibers are very strong in ligaments. Ligaments are a bit stretchy, and
a mainly hard. Ligaments are made up of specialized cells that are called fibroblasts
which are in and around the ligament matrix. The specialize cells that make up the
ligament are dense bundles. The basic structure of ligaments is mostly collagen fibers. Ligaments
connect bones together from the joints. They help to stabilize the joints by holding the ends of two
bones together. The stability is also during movement. This structure helps the bones, so that they do
not twist or move and become dislocated. Ligaments are firm for support, but are a bit stretchy for the
movement of the limbs. Without ligaments, you wouldn’t be able to bend limbs.
The six major joints.
Ball and socket joints.
This joint is where two bone components work together to ensure a vast amount of movement. For
example, the ball part of the joint is a round shape, that fits into another part of the joint called the
socket. This joint allows all types of movement like forward and backward movement, sideways
movement, and rotation movements. These joints allow a lot of freedom movements, and examples of
this joint is the hip and shoulder joints. The ball and socket joint is a type of synovial joint in the body.
Hinge joint.
Hinge joints are an example of a synovial joint, that has movements of flexion and extension. This joint
only allows one plane of motion, compared to the ball and socket joint. Hinge joints have an opening
2
, and closing movement. These joints allow bending of joints, flexing of joints, and straightening of the
joints. Examples of hinge joints are fingers, toes elbows and the knees.
Condyloid joint.
Condyloid joints can be also known as ellipsoid joints. These joints have
a bone that is egg shaped, that is called a condyle. This condyle fits into
a cavity that has a similar shape to the bone. This joint only allows
backwards and forwards movement, and side to side movement. This
joint doesn’t allow rotation movement like the ball and socket joint
does. An example of this joint is the wrist. However, we have 22
condyloid joints in the body, and they are in the found in the base of the
fingers (not the thumbs), and the toes, wrists and the ankles.
Pivot joint.
Pivot joints are also an example of synovial joint. This joint usually
occurs in the middle of the ends of two bones. A ring is formed around
the joint, as a cylinder bone rotates inside a ligament. This joint is a
rotating joint, that causes a rotation movement. The pivot joint is similar
to a ball and socket joint, as this joint is a movable joint. An example of this joint is the joints in the neck,
which allow neck rotation. Pivot joints are also in the arm and leg, to ensure a rotating movement from
the elbow and the knee.
Gliding joint.
A gliding joint is also known as a plane joint. This joint has two smooth surfaces, that go last one
another. However, these joint produces very little movement compared to other joints. This joint is also
a synovial joint, and this joint is made up by two bones meeting on an articulate surface, or a flat
surface. These joints allow movement that is either left, right, up, down or diagonally. Examples of this
joint can be the joints that are in the spine, wrist, and the ankle.
Saddle joint.
This joint is also a synovial joint, or a biaxial joint. This joint is a movable joint that only allows
movement of flexion and extension, and addiction and abduction, or any sort of angular movement. This
joint is formed by the bones articulating the surfaces that have either a convex or a concave region. An
example of this joint is in the thumb, but this joint allows more movement than the other fingers. Other
examples of this joint include the joint in the heel, the job tin the thorax, and the joint in the middle of
the ear.
Functions of the musculoskeletal system.
Support and movement.
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, which are part of the body’s skeletal, and the bodies
framework. This framework of the body upholds the body, and helps the body support your weight. The
bone framework also helps to maintain the posture of your body, and helps the body to move. The
tendons, ligaments, muscles and bones all work together so that the limb and the body can move. The
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The musculoskeletal system.
Bones.
Bones can have many structures, as there are many shapes that bones can come in. For example,
bone scan come in flat, short, long or irregular structure. The usual structure of bones is that they are
composed of a bone matrix, which is made up of a compact bone and a spongy bone. The nine matrix
is made up of layers tough proteins, fibers, and collagen. The bone becomes hard and rigid, because
there are calcium crystals, and mineralization, which gives the outer part of the bone a hard
structure. The collagen layer makes the inside part of the bone spongy. Bones have many functions.
One of the main functions of bones is that they make the skeleton of the human body. They uphold
the posture body, and they shape the human body. Bones support the movement of muscles so that
the limbs can move. Bones have an important role in the body which is to protect the internal organs.
For example, the ribcage protects the lungs from any damage or punctures. Bones help to produce
red blood cells and help to produce bone marrow. Bone help and act as a storage place for minerals like
calcium.
Muscles.
Structure. A muscle is made up of a unit called a sarcomere. The sarcomere consists of actin
and myosin filaments, which moves, making the muscles to contract. This makes up muscle
fibers, which are surrounded by layers of protective and smooth tissues. The bunch of muscle
fibers makes up something called a fascicle, which is covered by connective tissues called
perimysium. This is then covered by something called endomysium, which is a sheath of
connective tissue. Muscles have various functions, which include heat production, joint
stability, and pumping blood. The most important function of muscles, is muscle movement, which
makes the limbs in our body move. The muscles relax and contract, which make our limbs move. The
movement that is made via the muscles relaxing and contracting, can either be involuntary, which is
when the muscles move without consciousness, or voluntary contraction, which is when muscle
movement is make consciously.
Tendons.
Tendons are mostly composed of collagen. They are also made up of nerves and blood
vessels. The collagen that tendons are made up are strong, flexible, and resistant to any
damage done to them. The collagen fibers are arranged in bundles, and this made them
have a structure that is similar to the structure of a fibrotic cable. Tendons are also
composed of elastin fibers with dense connective tissues. Tendons facilitate movement
around a joint, when the muscles relax and contract. Tendon’s main structure is to connect the muscles
and the bones together, allowing movement of the limbs. Tendons help prevent muscles from being
badly injured as they would absorb some of the impact of the injury of the muscles
Joints.
Joint have three structures. They can either be fibrous, synovial or cartilaginous. The usual structure of a
joint is they have a joint capsule, and in that capsule, there is a joint cavity, which contains a fluid. This
1
,fluid helps with the movement of the limb. Joints have cartilage that help with the movement. The
main structure of bones is that the have a ball and socket structure, and this help movement. Joint help
with movement, and allow the limbs to move in many ways. Joints help with the extension, rotation
and the flexion of the limbs. The joints also give some places of the body its shape. For example, the
joints in the shoulder and the knees gives these parts of the body its shape. Joints help to support the
body, and some joints help provide structural support.
Cartilage.
Cartilage is made up of lots of flexible connective tissues. It is made up of dense extracellular
matrix (ECM), and is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes. The cartilage matrix is
composed of many specialized cells called proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan, and collagen fibers.
Elastin fibers are also present in collagen. Collagen has a rubbery texture, and it is also very
smooth, elastic, flexible, and strong. Cartilage also has a support structure, for supporting soft
tissues in the body. These can be like the nose and the ears. Cartilage main function is to protect the
joints and the bones. Because cartilage is smooth, it is at the end of the bones, so that they reduce
friction and prevent the bones from wearing, and rubbing together. Cartilage provides support and
flexibility to lots of parts of the body. Cartilage helps to separate bones that are near each other. This
function is usually is parts of the body like the knees. Cartilage also has a function that isnt as important,
but cartilage helps and is involved in growth of long bones that are in the arms and the legs. Cartilage
helps protect the body from mechanical damage, and help store minerals like calcium in the body.
Ligaments.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissues that have many collagen fibers that are
in it. The collagen fibers are very strong in ligaments. Ligaments are a bit stretchy, and
a mainly hard. Ligaments are made up of specialized cells that are called fibroblasts
which are in and around the ligament matrix. The specialize cells that make up the
ligament are dense bundles. The basic structure of ligaments is mostly collagen fibers. Ligaments
connect bones together from the joints. They help to stabilize the joints by holding the ends of two
bones together. The stability is also during movement. This structure helps the bones, so that they do
not twist or move and become dislocated. Ligaments are firm for support, but are a bit stretchy for the
movement of the limbs. Without ligaments, you wouldn’t be able to bend limbs.
The six major joints.
Ball and socket joints.
This joint is where two bone components work together to ensure a vast amount of movement. For
example, the ball part of the joint is a round shape, that fits into another part of the joint called the
socket. This joint allows all types of movement like forward and backward movement, sideways
movement, and rotation movements. These joints allow a lot of freedom movements, and examples of
this joint is the hip and shoulder joints. The ball and socket joint is a type of synovial joint in the body.
Hinge joint.
Hinge joints are an example of a synovial joint, that has movements of flexion and extension. This joint
only allows one plane of motion, compared to the ball and socket joint. Hinge joints have an opening
2
, and closing movement. These joints allow bending of joints, flexing of joints, and straightening of the
joints. Examples of hinge joints are fingers, toes elbows and the knees.
Condyloid joint.
Condyloid joints can be also known as ellipsoid joints. These joints have
a bone that is egg shaped, that is called a condyle. This condyle fits into
a cavity that has a similar shape to the bone. This joint only allows
backwards and forwards movement, and side to side movement. This
joint doesn’t allow rotation movement like the ball and socket joint
does. An example of this joint is the wrist. However, we have 22
condyloid joints in the body, and they are in the found in the base of the
fingers (not the thumbs), and the toes, wrists and the ankles.
Pivot joint.
Pivot joints are also an example of synovial joint. This joint usually
occurs in the middle of the ends of two bones. A ring is formed around
the joint, as a cylinder bone rotates inside a ligament. This joint is a
rotating joint, that causes a rotation movement. The pivot joint is similar
to a ball and socket joint, as this joint is a movable joint. An example of this joint is the joints in the neck,
which allow neck rotation. Pivot joints are also in the arm and leg, to ensure a rotating movement from
the elbow and the knee.
Gliding joint.
A gliding joint is also known as a plane joint. This joint has two smooth surfaces, that go last one
another. However, these joint produces very little movement compared to other joints. This joint is also
a synovial joint, and this joint is made up by two bones meeting on an articulate surface, or a flat
surface. These joints allow movement that is either left, right, up, down or diagonally. Examples of this
joint can be the joints that are in the spine, wrist, and the ankle.
Saddle joint.
This joint is also a synovial joint, or a biaxial joint. This joint is a movable joint that only allows
movement of flexion and extension, and addiction and abduction, or any sort of angular movement. This
joint is formed by the bones articulating the surfaces that have either a convex or a concave region. An
example of this joint is in the thumb, but this joint allows more movement than the other fingers. Other
examples of this joint include the joint in the heel, the job tin the thorax, and the joint in the middle of
the ear.
Functions of the musculoskeletal system.
Support and movement.
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, which are part of the body’s skeletal, and the bodies
framework. This framework of the body upholds the body, and helps the body support your weight. The
bone framework also helps to maintain the posture of your body, and helps the body to move. The
tendons, ligaments, muscles and bones all work together so that the limb and the body can move. The
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