University of Iowa HHP 4390 - Human Disease Exam 2
EXAM COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK EXAM CURRENT
FOR 2026/2027 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES (RELIABLE SOLUTIONS) A NEW UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION ||JUST RELEAS ED
how can mutations of the DNA arise
Environment
- Virus
-Radiation
-UV light
-Tobacco
Inheritied
- BRCA1 and BRCA2
spontaneous
what are the categories of mutant genes
§ Oncogenes
§ Tumor suppressor genes
§ DNA repair genes
§ Genes regulating apoptosis
What is an oncogene
proto-oncogene that have been activated by mutation, gene
amplification, translocation; abnormal (mutated)
,What are DNA repair genes
o Correct errors that arise during DNA replication
What are genes regulating apoptosis
o Programmed cell death
o Influence survival time of cells
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
o Function to halt cell cycle at checkpoints
example of tumor suppressor gene
p53
what are some examples of oncogenes
§ Growth factors, growth factor receptors, kinases
§ Turns on all the time, same with HER2
,What is the p53 gene
§ Guardian of the genome
· Mutated (inactivated) in more than 50% of all cancers
· P53 regulates (activates or represses) transcription of more than 50
genes
· Activated p53 levels rise rapidly if DNA is damaged or repair
intermediates accumulate
how is the immune system affected by cancer
cell involved are natural killer cells (innate) cytotoxic T cells ( CD8
adaptive)
explain the bodies defense with cancer
- heredity and tumors
- cancer predisposition results from multifactorial inheritance pattern
-individual at risk has inherited set of genes that influence:
1. differences in circulating hormone levels
2. variations in cells metabolize cancer(liver)
3. variations in ability to repair DNA variations
What is CAUTION with cancer
c= change
a= a sore
U= usually bleeding
T= thickening
I= indigestion/ dif swallow
O= obvious change
N= nagging cought
, How to diagnose tumors
1. CAUTION
2. medical history and physical exam
3. lab procedures (cells have to be obtained)
What are some diagnostic tests for tumors
antigen tests - secreting substances
-CEA
-alpha fetoprotein
-Human chorionic gonadotropina
-acid- phosphatase
CEA shows
= related to size (GI tract, pancreas, breast)
Alpha fetoprotein shows
= fetal tissue in placenta
EXAM COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK EXAM CURRENT
FOR 2026/2027 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES (RELIABLE SOLUTIONS) A NEW UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION ||JUST RELEAS ED
how can mutations of the DNA arise
Environment
- Virus
-Radiation
-UV light
-Tobacco
Inheritied
- BRCA1 and BRCA2
spontaneous
what are the categories of mutant genes
§ Oncogenes
§ Tumor suppressor genes
§ DNA repair genes
§ Genes regulating apoptosis
What is an oncogene
proto-oncogene that have been activated by mutation, gene
amplification, translocation; abnormal (mutated)
,What are DNA repair genes
o Correct errors that arise during DNA replication
What are genes regulating apoptosis
o Programmed cell death
o Influence survival time of cells
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
o Function to halt cell cycle at checkpoints
example of tumor suppressor gene
p53
what are some examples of oncogenes
§ Growth factors, growth factor receptors, kinases
§ Turns on all the time, same with HER2
,What is the p53 gene
§ Guardian of the genome
· Mutated (inactivated) in more than 50% of all cancers
· P53 regulates (activates or represses) transcription of more than 50
genes
· Activated p53 levels rise rapidly if DNA is damaged or repair
intermediates accumulate
how is the immune system affected by cancer
cell involved are natural killer cells (innate) cytotoxic T cells ( CD8
adaptive)
explain the bodies defense with cancer
- heredity and tumors
- cancer predisposition results from multifactorial inheritance pattern
-individual at risk has inherited set of genes that influence:
1. differences in circulating hormone levels
2. variations in cells metabolize cancer(liver)
3. variations in ability to repair DNA variations
What is CAUTION with cancer
c= change
a= a sore
U= usually bleeding
T= thickening
I= indigestion/ dif swallow
O= obvious change
N= nagging cought
, How to diagnose tumors
1. CAUTION
2. medical history and physical exam
3. lab procedures (cells have to be obtained)
What are some diagnostic tests for tumors
antigen tests - secreting substances
-CEA
-alpha fetoprotein
-Human chorionic gonadotropina
-acid- phosphatase
CEA shows
= related to size (GI tract, pancreas, breast)
Alpha fetoprotein shows
= fetal tissue in placenta
