Questions and answers 2026
a. Fluid Replacement - ANSWER ✔✔I/O equal ~1600mL/day
1. Total Body Water - ANSWER ✔✔a. Adult males
i. < 65 y/o = 60%
ii. > 65 y/o = 50%
b. Adult females
i. < 65 y/o = 50%
> 65 y/o = 45%
Extracellular fluid volume - ANSWER ✔✔1. 1/3 TWB
2. Controlled by Na retention and excretion
3. Water passively follows sodium
, 4. Body ignores ECF as a whole
a. Samples a portion of it EABV
a. Effective Arterial Blood Volume - ANSWER ✔✔b. Effective Arterial
Blood Volume
i. Volume in the arteries
ii. ~ 700ml
iii. Function of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance
*Baro-receptors sense changes in the EABV
-Decreased EABV- increase release of catecholamines and increases
CO and SVR, activates RAAS, increased antidiuretic hormone secretion
-Increase EABV- suppresses RAAS, increase release of atrial natriuretic
peptide
i. Manifestations of Dehydration/Volume Loss - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Thirst, Delayed capillary refill
2. Dry mucous membranes, cool clammy skin
3. Tachypnea
4. Tachycardia with pulse > 100
5. Postural hypotension (SBP decrease > 20mmHg with standing)