NSG 530 Exam 1, 2, 3 & 4 | Advanced
Pathophysiology – Wilkes | 2026/2027
Verified Questions & Answers | PDF
,
,EXAM 1: Cellular Biology, Genetics, Inflammation & Immunity
(Questions 1–35)
Question 1
A cell is exposed to a toxin that damages mitochondrial DNA.
Which cellular function will be most immediately impaired?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Lipid synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B) ATP production
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP production. Damage to mitochondrial
DNA impairs the electron transport chain, reducing ATP synthesis.
Cells with high energy demands (neurons, cardiac muscle) are
most vulnerable.
Question 2
Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the
number of cells in a tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
, Answer: B) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number due to
increased mitotic division. It occurs in tissues capable of mitosis
(e.g., endometrium during the menstrual cycle, liver regeneration).
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, atrophy is a decrease in cell
size, and metaplasia is replacement of one cell type with another.
Question 3
Which of the following are the three major components of
eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus, ribosomes, and cell membrane
B) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria
C) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
D) Cell membrane, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus
Answer: C) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Rationale: The three major components of eukaryotic cells are
the nucleus (control center containing DNA), cytoplasm (contains
water, electrolytes, proteins, and fats), and cell membrane
(semipermeable phospholipid bilayer with protein receptor sites).
Ribosomes and mitochondria are organelles found within the
cytoplasm, not primary cellular components.
Pathophysiology – Wilkes | 2026/2027
Verified Questions & Answers | PDF
,
,EXAM 1: Cellular Biology, Genetics, Inflammation & Immunity
(Questions 1–35)
Question 1
A cell is exposed to a toxin that damages mitochondrial DNA.
Which cellular function will be most immediately impaired?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Lipid synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B) ATP production
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP production. Damage to mitochondrial
DNA impairs the electron transport chain, reducing ATP synthesis.
Cells with high energy demands (neurons, cardiac muscle) are
most vulnerable.
Question 2
Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the
number of cells in a tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
, Answer: B) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number due to
increased mitotic division. It occurs in tissues capable of mitosis
(e.g., endometrium during the menstrual cycle, liver regeneration).
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, atrophy is a decrease in cell
size, and metaplasia is replacement of one cell type with another.
Question 3
Which of the following are the three major components of
eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus, ribosomes, and cell membrane
B) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria
C) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
D) Cell membrane, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus
Answer: C) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Rationale: The three major components of eukaryotic cells are
the nucleus (control center containing DNA), cytoplasm (contains
water, electrolytes, proteins, and fats), and cell membrane
(semipermeable phospholipid bilayer with protein receptor sites).
Ribosomes and mitochondria are organelles found within the
cytoplasm, not primary cellular components.
