NR507/ NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2026 /2027 WITH
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - Need 2nd Messenger
to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER - Acct for 75% of total weight
of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and
source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - CORRECT ANSWER - Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence,
pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube).
Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that
arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
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,Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - CORRECT ANSWER - Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - CORRECT ANSWER - contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER - ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER - Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - CORRECT ANSWER - HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing
Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
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,Somatostatin - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - CORRECT ANSWER - Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - CORRECT
ANSWER - ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER -
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic
hormones
Prolactin, - CORRECT ANSWER - Milk production
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, TSH - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - CORRECT ANSWER - Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men:
Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - CORRECT ANSWER - Fat breakdown and release of
fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - CORRECT ANSWER - Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions - CORRECT ANSWER - Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells
to increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption
into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may
be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
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FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2026 /2027 WITH
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - Need 2nd Messenger
to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER - TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER - Acct for 75% of total weight
of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and
source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - CORRECT ANSWER - Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence,
pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube).
Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that
arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
1|Page
,Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - CORRECT ANSWER - Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - CORRECT ANSWER - contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER - ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER - Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - CORRECT ANSWER - HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing
Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
2|Page
,Somatostatin - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - CORRECT ANSWER - Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - CORRECT
ANSWER - ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER -
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic
hormones
Prolactin, - CORRECT ANSWER - Milk production
3|Page
, TSH - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - CORRECT ANSWER - Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men:
Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - CORRECT ANSWER - Fat breakdown and release of
fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - CORRECT ANSWER - Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions - CORRECT ANSWER - Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells
to increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption
into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may
be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
4|Page
