NR 507/NR 507 : ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATE 2026 /2027 WITH
GRADED A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic disease due to
bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the
bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWER - -airway
inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
1|Page
,Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER - smaller passageways that originate
from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER - innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - the middle layer of the
bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - white blood cells
are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -
CORRECT ANSWER - the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive
causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT
ANSWER - columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
2|Page
,What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT
ANSWER - smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - CORRECT
ANSWER - control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - CORRECT ANSWER - When air is unable to
move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - CORRECT ANSWER - the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - CORRECT ANSWER - -
expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - CORRECT
ANSWER - tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER -
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
3|Page
, MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER - inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER - bronchial
inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least
2 successive years
Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - The supply of oxygen to and removal
of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow
of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER -
cyanosis
right to left shunting
4|Page
MIDTERM EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATE 2026 /2027 WITH
GRADED A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic disease due to
bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the
bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWER - -airway
inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
1|Page
,Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER - smaller passageways that originate
from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER - innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - the middle layer of the
bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER - white blood cells
are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -
CORRECT ANSWER - the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive
causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT
ANSWER - columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
2|Page
,What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT
ANSWER - smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - CORRECT
ANSWER - control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - CORRECT ANSWER - When air is unable to
move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - CORRECT ANSWER - the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - CORRECT ANSWER - -
expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - CORRECT
ANSWER - tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER -
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
3|Page
, MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER - inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER - bronchial
inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least
2 successive years
Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - The supply of oxygen to and removal
of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow
of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER -
cyanosis
right to left shunting
4|Page
