FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY Questions
and Answers 2026 | Ultimate Preparation Pack |
A+ Verified
• robert hooke and antonie van leeuwenhoek -✓✓first to observe microbes through a
simple microscope
• robert hooke -✓✓first compound microscope, observe mold filaments, coined term cell
• antonie van leeuwenhoek -✓✓single lens magnifier, first to observe single-celled
microbes, called them animalcules
• spontaneous generation -✓✓false theory that microbes arise spontaneously (without
parents), disproven by lazzaro spallanzani
• bassi de lodi -✓✓germ theory
• disprove spontaneous generation -✓✓heat sterilization prevented microbial growth
• Louis Pasteur -✓✓microbial basis of fermentation, in absence of O2 yeast produces
alcohol but when contaminated with bacteria produce acetic acid (vinegar)
• Pasteur swan neck flask -✓✓after boiling contents remain free of microbial growth
despite access to air (oxygen doesnt enable spontaneous generation)
• john tyndall -✓✓have to use repeated cycles of heat to kill spores
• robert koch -✓✓used pure culture to study single species in isolation. have to have
pure culture to prove bacterium caused a specific disease
• Hess -✓✓solid medium with agar
• Kochs postulates -✓✓1. microbe always present in diseased host and absent in
healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture (no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
• Edward Jenner -✓✓vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
• Louis Pasteur (vaccinations) -✓✓developed first vaccines using weakened strains
, • immunization -✓✓stimulation of immune response by deliberate inoculation
• ignaz semmelweiz -✓✓wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
• francesco redi -✓✓controlled experiments to disprove spontaneous generation (meat
and flies/maggots)
• joseph lister -✓✓carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and clean surgical instruments
• alexander fleming -✓✓discovered penicillium mold makes substance that kills bacteria
• florey and chain -✓✓purified penicillin, first commercial antibiotic
• Dimitri Ivanovsky -✓✓viruses can pass through filter that blocks bacteria
• Sergei Winogradsky -✓✓discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S, discovered
chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures (selective media) called winogradsky
column
• chemolithotrophs -✓✓metabolize inorganic minerals instead of organic nutrients
• geochemical cycling -✓✓depends on bacteria and archaea that cycle nitrogen,
phosphorus, etc throughout biosphere
• endosymbionts -✓✓microbes that live within host and provide essential functions for
host
• rhizobia -✓✓fix nitrogen inside a root nodule for a legume. Martinus Beijerinck first
discovered this
• copeland -✓✓separated eukaryotes (protozoa and algae) from prokaryotes
• lynn margulis -✓✓endosymbiont theory
• carl woese -✓✓discovered archaea, can grow under conditions that bacteria and
eukaryotes cant, produce methane
• archaea -✓✓resemble bacteria cellular structure, produce methane, different from
bacteria genetically
• 3 domains -✓✓bacteria, archaea, eukarya
• electron microscope -✓✓focuses beam of electrons
and Answers 2026 | Ultimate Preparation Pack |
A+ Verified
• robert hooke and antonie van leeuwenhoek -✓✓first to observe microbes through a
simple microscope
• robert hooke -✓✓first compound microscope, observe mold filaments, coined term cell
• antonie van leeuwenhoek -✓✓single lens magnifier, first to observe single-celled
microbes, called them animalcules
• spontaneous generation -✓✓false theory that microbes arise spontaneously (without
parents), disproven by lazzaro spallanzani
• bassi de lodi -✓✓germ theory
• disprove spontaneous generation -✓✓heat sterilization prevented microbial growth
• Louis Pasteur -✓✓microbial basis of fermentation, in absence of O2 yeast produces
alcohol but when contaminated with bacteria produce acetic acid (vinegar)
• Pasteur swan neck flask -✓✓after boiling contents remain free of microbial growth
despite access to air (oxygen doesnt enable spontaneous generation)
• john tyndall -✓✓have to use repeated cycles of heat to kill spores
• robert koch -✓✓used pure culture to study single species in isolation. have to have
pure culture to prove bacterium caused a specific disease
• Hess -✓✓solid medium with agar
• Kochs postulates -✓✓1. microbe always present in diseased host and absent in
healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture (no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
• Edward Jenner -✓✓vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
• Louis Pasteur (vaccinations) -✓✓developed first vaccines using weakened strains
, • immunization -✓✓stimulation of immune response by deliberate inoculation
• ignaz semmelweiz -✓✓wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
• francesco redi -✓✓controlled experiments to disprove spontaneous generation (meat
and flies/maggots)
• joseph lister -✓✓carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and clean surgical instruments
• alexander fleming -✓✓discovered penicillium mold makes substance that kills bacteria
• florey and chain -✓✓purified penicillin, first commercial antibiotic
• Dimitri Ivanovsky -✓✓viruses can pass through filter that blocks bacteria
• Sergei Winogradsky -✓✓discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S, discovered
chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures (selective media) called winogradsky
column
• chemolithotrophs -✓✓metabolize inorganic minerals instead of organic nutrients
• geochemical cycling -✓✓depends on bacteria and archaea that cycle nitrogen,
phosphorus, etc throughout biosphere
• endosymbionts -✓✓microbes that live within host and provide essential functions for
host
• rhizobia -✓✓fix nitrogen inside a root nodule for a legume. Martinus Beijerinck first
discovered this
• copeland -✓✓separated eukaryotes (protozoa and algae) from prokaryotes
• lynn margulis -✓✓endosymbiont theory
• carl woese -✓✓discovered archaea, can grow under conditions that bacteria and
eukaryotes cant, produce methane
• archaea -✓✓resemble bacteria cellular structure, produce methane, different from
bacteria genetically
• 3 domains -✓✓bacteria, archaea, eukarya
• electron microscope -✓✓focuses beam of electrons
