ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY BY HILLS WYSE 2026
EXAM PREPARATION WORKBOOK
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
HIGH SCORE A+
◉ What does the acrosomal reaction do? Answer: It releases
enzymes to break through the egg's protective layers.
◉ What is cleavage? Answer: Rapid mitotic divisions producing
smaller cells (blastomeres) without growth.
◉ What is gastrulation? Answer: Reorganization of cells into three
germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
◉ Where is calcium causing vesicles? Answer: At the egg membrane
(cortical granules).
◉ What happens when calcium floods across the membrane?
Answer: Cortical reaction, hardening of zona pellucida, prevents
polyspermy.
, ◉ How can we measure the rate of cellular respiration? Answer: By
measuring the amount of CO2 released and how much oxygen is
taken up.
◉ What do we associate with bilateral symmetry? Answer:
Cephalization and directional movement.
◉ Why do we have cleavage with cells getting progressively smaller?
Answer: There is no growth phase; the cytoplasm is divided
repeatedly.
◉ What is the difference between fast block and slow block?
Answer: Fast: membrane depolarization; Slow: cortical reaction
(permanent block).
◉ What does invaginate mean? Answer: Folding inward of a cell
sheet, must invade solid tissues to get to the bloodstream.
◉ What does amniotic fluid do? Answer: It protects and prevents
abrupt movements.
◉ What traits define animals? Answer: Heterotrophs that include
food, multicellular, nervous and muscle tissue, collagen.
EXAM PREPARATION WORKBOOK
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
HIGH SCORE A+
◉ What does the acrosomal reaction do? Answer: It releases
enzymes to break through the egg's protective layers.
◉ What is cleavage? Answer: Rapid mitotic divisions producing
smaller cells (blastomeres) without growth.
◉ What is gastrulation? Answer: Reorganization of cells into three
germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
◉ Where is calcium causing vesicles? Answer: At the egg membrane
(cortical granules).
◉ What happens when calcium floods across the membrane?
Answer: Cortical reaction, hardening of zona pellucida, prevents
polyspermy.
, ◉ How can we measure the rate of cellular respiration? Answer: By
measuring the amount of CO2 released and how much oxygen is
taken up.
◉ What do we associate with bilateral symmetry? Answer:
Cephalization and directional movement.
◉ Why do we have cleavage with cells getting progressively smaller?
Answer: There is no growth phase; the cytoplasm is divided
repeatedly.
◉ What is the difference between fast block and slow block?
Answer: Fast: membrane depolarization; Slow: cortical reaction
(permanent block).
◉ What does invaginate mean? Answer: Folding inward of a cell
sheet, must invade solid tissues to get to the bloodstream.
◉ What does amniotic fluid do? Answer: It protects and prevents
abrupt movements.
◉ What traits define animals? Answer: Heterotrophs that include
food, multicellular, nervous and muscle tissue, collagen.
