Kettering CSE Glossary 2026
Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Already Graded A+
Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) Staining (Ziehl-Neelsen) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Used for
the diagnosis of tuberculosis, tuberculous infections and leprosy.
Organisms will appear red against a blue background when stained by this
method. Usually takes 2-3 weeks to culture the tubercle bacilli. Results of
the AFB stain may indicate the need for the initiation of therapy.
,Airway Resistance (Raw) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Estimated for patients on
mechanical ventilation by determining the difference between peak airway
pressure and plateau pressure. Used to determine the amount of initial
pressure support necessary to overcome airways resistance. Most
accurately measured by placing the patient in a Body Plethysmograph
(Body Box) in the Pulmonary Function Lab.
Normal Value: 0.6-2.4 (intubate <0.6)
Albumin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal value 3.5-5.0 g/dL. Important in
maintaining osmotic pressure of the blood and has primary role in lipid
metabolism. Decreased levels are seen in patients with protein malnutrition
and severe liver disease. Chronic inflammation, severe acute disease and
kidney disease lead to low albumin levels. Severe hypoalbuminemia may
result in a loss of fluid from the vascular space and contribute to pulmonary
edema.
Angiogram - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Serial X-rays of a blood vessel taken in rapid
sequence following injection of a radiopaque substance into a vessel. Used
to define the size, shape and patency of various veins and arteries. Can
evaluate blood flow to the brain (cerebral), heart (coronary), lungs
(pulmonary), kidneys (renal), or liver (hepatic).
,Anion Gap - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal range is 8-18 mEq/L. The major
indication for this test is to identify the cause of a metabolic acidosis. Loss
of base results in a normal anion gap while the gain of fixed acids (lactic
acidosis) results in an elevated anion gap. Anion gap is also affected by
serum albumin levels (rising when albumin does and vice versa).
Formula: (Na+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)
APGAR Score - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔System of scoring a newborn's condition at
one minute and five minutes after birth. Heart rate (P), respiratory effort(R),
muscle tone(A), reflex irritability(G) and color(A) are each assigned a point
value between zero and two. High APGAR scores (7-10) indicate that the
infant is stable, and low APGAR scores (0-3) indicate that the infant
requires immediate resuscitation.
Ascorbic Acid Level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Determination of the amount of
ascorbic acid (Vitamin c) in the blood.
Babinski Reflex - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A neurologic test used to evaluate
brainstem and spinal cord function. Performed by stroking the cole of the
foot and observing the reaction of the toes. Dorsiflexion of the toes in
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, response to this stimulus is interpreted as a positive test and may indicate
a lesion in the pyramidal tract. May be helpful in stable, but unconscious
patients.
Basal Metabolic Rate - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The rate at which energy is
produced according to how much is available. May also be referred to as
Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) or Minimal Energy Expenditure (MEE).
Determined through direct or indirect calorimetry. A time consuming test
but may be helpful in determining a patient's nutritional needs.
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Blood test that includes
assessment of glucose, electrolytes, fluid levels and kidney function. This
panel measures sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, carbon dioxide,
glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine.
BCG Vaccine - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A vaccine (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) used for
immunization against human tuberculosis . Once a patient receives this
vaccine, he/she will have a positive skin test for TB. An organism of the
strain Mycobacterium bovis is present in the vaccine.
Bilirubin Level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Bilirubin is the orange-yellow pigment of
bile, formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin. Used as an indication of liver
Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Already Graded A+
Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) Staining (Ziehl-Neelsen) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Used for
the diagnosis of tuberculosis, tuberculous infections and leprosy.
Organisms will appear red against a blue background when stained by this
method. Usually takes 2-3 weeks to culture the tubercle bacilli. Results of
the AFB stain may indicate the need for the initiation of therapy.
,Airway Resistance (Raw) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Estimated for patients on
mechanical ventilation by determining the difference between peak airway
pressure and plateau pressure. Used to determine the amount of initial
pressure support necessary to overcome airways resistance. Most
accurately measured by placing the patient in a Body Plethysmograph
(Body Box) in the Pulmonary Function Lab.
Normal Value: 0.6-2.4 (intubate <0.6)
Albumin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal value 3.5-5.0 g/dL. Important in
maintaining osmotic pressure of the blood and has primary role in lipid
metabolism. Decreased levels are seen in patients with protein malnutrition
and severe liver disease. Chronic inflammation, severe acute disease and
kidney disease lead to low albumin levels. Severe hypoalbuminemia may
result in a loss of fluid from the vascular space and contribute to pulmonary
edema.
Angiogram - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Serial X-rays of a blood vessel taken in rapid
sequence following injection of a radiopaque substance into a vessel. Used
to define the size, shape and patency of various veins and arteries. Can
evaluate blood flow to the brain (cerebral), heart (coronary), lungs
(pulmonary), kidneys (renal), or liver (hepatic).
,Anion Gap - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal range is 8-18 mEq/L. The major
indication for this test is to identify the cause of a metabolic acidosis. Loss
of base results in a normal anion gap while the gain of fixed acids (lactic
acidosis) results in an elevated anion gap. Anion gap is also affected by
serum albumin levels (rising when albumin does and vice versa).
Formula: (Na+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)
APGAR Score - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔System of scoring a newborn's condition at
one minute and five minutes after birth. Heart rate (P), respiratory effort(R),
muscle tone(A), reflex irritability(G) and color(A) are each assigned a point
value between zero and two. High APGAR scores (7-10) indicate that the
infant is stable, and low APGAR scores (0-3) indicate that the infant
requires immediate resuscitation.
Ascorbic Acid Level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Determination of the amount of
ascorbic acid (Vitamin c) in the blood.
Babinski Reflex - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A neurologic test used to evaluate
brainstem and spinal cord function. Performed by stroking the cole of the
foot and observing the reaction of the toes. Dorsiflexion of the toes in
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, response to this stimulus is interpreted as a positive test and may indicate
a lesion in the pyramidal tract. May be helpful in stable, but unconscious
patients.
Basal Metabolic Rate - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The rate at which energy is
produced according to how much is available. May also be referred to as
Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) or Minimal Energy Expenditure (MEE).
Determined through direct or indirect calorimetry. A time consuming test
but may be helpful in determining a patient's nutritional needs.
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Blood test that includes
assessment of glucose, electrolytes, fluid levels and kidney function. This
panel measures sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, carbon dioxide,
glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine.
BCG Vaccine - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A vaccine (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) used for
immunization against human tuberculosis . Once a patient receives this
vaccine, he/she will have a positive skin test for TB. An organism of the
strain Mycobacterium bovis is present in the vaccine.
Bilirubin Level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Bilirubin is the orange-yellow pigment of
bile, formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin. Used as an indication of liver
