100% correct Chapter 1-4 Anatomy
and Physiology questions and
answers
What is the primary role of homeostasis in the human body? ✔️✔️ Maintaining a stable internal
environment despite external changes
How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback in physiological processes? ✔️✔️
Negative feedback reverses a change, while positive feedback amplifies it
What level of organization includes tissues working together for a common function? ✔️✔️ Organ
level
Which body system is primarily responsible for rapid communication and control? ✔️✔️ Nervous
system
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life? ✔️✔️ Cell
How does anatomical position standardize body orientation? ✔️✔️ It provides a universal
reference with body upright, facing forward, arms at sides
What directional term describes a structure closer to the head? ✔️✔️ Superior
What cavity houses the lungs? ✔️✔️ Thoracic cavity
What membrane surrounds the heart? ✔️✔️ Pericardium
What is the function of serous membranes? ✔️✔️ Reduce friction between moving organs
What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities? ✔️✔️ Epithelial tissue
What is the primary function of connective tissue? ✔️✔️ Support and binding of other tissues
Which tissue type is responsible for movement? ✔️✔️ Muscle tissue
What is the function of nervous tissue? ✔️✔️ Transmit electrical signals
What is the significance of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? ✔️✔️ Provides structural
support and medium for exchange
1
,What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium? ✔️✔️ Simple has one layer,
stratified has multiple layers
Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for diffusion? ✔️✔️ Simple squamous epithelium
What is keratinization in epithelial tissue? ✔️✔️ Process where cells become filled with keratin
and die for protection
What is the function of goblet cells? ✔️✔️ Secrete mucus
What type of muscle is involuntary and found in organs? ✔️✔️ Smooth muscle
Which muscle type has striations and is under voluntary control? ✔️✔️ Skeletal muscle
What is the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? ✔️✔️ Facilitate synchronized contraction
What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? ✔️✔️ Sarcomere
What is the resting membrane potential? ✔️✔️ Electrical charge difference across a cell membrane
at rest
What type of junction connects cells tightly to prevent leakage? ✔️✔️ Tight junction
What is the function of gap junctions? ✔️✔️ Allow direct communication between cells
What is the role of desmosomes? ✔️✔️ Provide strong adhesion between cells
What is the function of the plasma membrane? ✔️✔️ Regulate entry and exit of substances
What is the main component of the cell membrane? ✔️✔️ Phospholipid bilayer
What is diffusion? ✔️✔️ Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
What is osmosis? ✔️✔️ Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is active transport? ✔️✔️ Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using
energy
What is the function of mitochondria? ✔️✔️ Produce ATP through cellular respiration
What organelle modifies and packages proteins? ✔️✔️ Golgi apparatus
What is the role of ribosomes? ✔️✔️ Protein synthesis
2
,What is the function of the nucleus? ✔️✔️ Stores genetic material and controls cell activities
What is cytoplasm composed of? ✔️✔️ Cytosol and organelles
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for? ✔️✔️ Maintaining cell shape and internal organization
What is the difference between cilia and flagella? ✔️✔️ Cilia are short and numerous; flagella are
long and few
What is a tissue? ✔️✔️ Group of similar cells performing a specific function
What is histology? ✔️✔️ Study of tissues
What is the role of stem cells? ✔️✔️ Differentiate into specialized cells
What is regeneration? ✔️✔️ Replacement of damaged tissues with identical cells
What is fibrosis? ✔️✔️ Formation of scar tissue
What is metabolism? ✔️✔️ Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What is anabolism? ✔️✔️ Building complex molecules from simpler ones
What is catabolism? ✔️✔️ Breaking down molecules to release energy
What is ATP? ✔️✔️ Primary energy currency of the cell
What is the function of enzymes? ✔️✔️ Speed up chemical reactions
What is the pH scale used to measure? ✔️✔️ Acidity or alkalinity
What is a buffer system? ✔️✔️ Maintains stable pH levels
What is dehydration synthesis? ✔️✔️ Joining molecules by removing water
What is hydrolysis? ✔️✔️ Breaking molecules using water
What is the role of carbohydrates in the body? ✔️✔️ Provide energy
What is the function of lipids? ✔️✔️ Energy storage and insulation
What are proteins primarily responsible for? ✔️✔️ Structure and function of cells
3
, What is the role of nucleic acids? ✔️✔️ Store and transmit genetic information
What is DNA? ✔️✔️ Molecule carrying genetic instructions
What is RNA? ✔️✔️ Involved in protein synthesis
What is a gene? ✔️✔️ Segment of DNA coding for a protein
What is the cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Series of events leading to cell division
What is mitosis? ✔️✔️ Division of nucleus producing identical cells
What is cytokinesis? ✔️✔️ Division of cytoplasm
What is apoptosis? ✔️✔️ Programmed cell death
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Ensure proper cell division
What is cancer in terms of cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Uncontrolled cell division
What is differentiation? ✔️✔️ Process by which cells become specialized
What is the function of lysosomes? ✔️✔️ Digest cellular waste
What is the role of peroxisomes? ✔️✔️ Detoxify harmful substances
What is facilitated diffusion? ✔️✔️ Passive transport using carrier proteins
What is endocytosis? ✔️✔️ Cell engulfs substances
What is exocytosis? ✔️✔️ Cell releases substances
What is tonicity? ✔️✔️ Ability of a solution to change cell shape
What happens in a hypotonic solution? ✔️✔️ Cell swells
What happens in a hypertonic solution? ✔️✔️ Cell shrinks
What happens in an isotonic solution? ✔️✔️ No net movement of water
What is the function of microvilli? ✔️✔️ Increase surface area for absorption
What is the basal lamina? ✔️✔️ Supports epithelial cells
4
and Physiology questions and
answers
What is the primary role of homeostasis in the human body? ✔️✔️ Maintaining a stable internal
environment despite external changes
How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback in physiological processes? ✔️✔️
Negative feedback reverses a change, while positive feedback amplifies it
What level of organization includes tissues working together for a common function? ✔️✔️ Organ
level
Which body system is primarily responsible for rapid communication and control? ✔️✔️ Nervous
system
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life? ✔️✔️ Cell
How does anatomical position standardize body orientation? ✔️✔️ It provides a universal
reference with body upright, facing forward, arms at sides
What directional term describes a structure closer to the head? ✔️✔️ Superior
What cavity houses the lungs? ✔️✔️ Thoracic cavity
What membrane surrounds the heart? ✔️✔️ Pericardium
What is the function of serous membranes? ✔️✔️ Reduce friction between moving organs
What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities? ✔️✔️ Epithelial tissue
What is the primary function of connective tissue? ✔️✔️ Support and binding of other tissues
Which tissue type is responsible for movement? ✔️✔️ Muscle tissue
What is the function of nervous tissue? ✔️✔️ Transmit electrical signals
What is the significance of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? ✔️✔️ Provides structural
support and medium for exchange
1
,What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium? ✔️✔️ Simple has one layer,
stratified has multiple layers
Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for diffusion? ✔️✔️ Simple squamous epithelium
What is keratinization in epithelial tissue? ✔️✔️ Process where cells become filled with keratin
and die for protection
What is the function of goblet cells? ✔️✔️ Secrete mucus
What type of muscle is involuntary and found in organs? ✔️✔️ Smooth muscle
Which muscle type has striations and is under voluntary control? ✔️✔️ Skeletal muscle
What is the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? ✔️✔️ Facilitate synchronized contraction
What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? ✔️✔️ Sarcomere
What is the resting membrane potential? ✔️✔️ Electrical charge difference across a cell membrane
at rest
What type of junction connects cells tightly to prevent leakage? ✔️✔️ Tight junction
What is the function of gap junctions? ✔️✔️ Allow direct communication between cells
What is the role of desmosomes? ✔️✔️ Provide strong adhesion between cells
What is the function of the plasma membrane? ✔️✔️ Regulate entry and exit of substances
What is the main component of the cell membrane? ✔️✔️ Phospholipid bilayer
What is diffusion? ✔️✔️ Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
What is osmosis? ✔️✔️ Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is active transport? ✔️✔️ Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using
energy
What is the function of mitochondria? ✔️✔️ Produce ATP through cellular respiration
What organelle modifies and packages proteins? ✔️✔️ Golgi apparatus
What is the role of ribosomes? ✔️✔️ Protein synthesis
2
,What is the function of the nucleus? ✔️✔️ Stores genetic material and controls cell activities
What is cytoplasm composed of? ✔️✔️ Cytosol and organelles
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for? ✔️✔️ Maintaining cell shape and internal organization
What is the difference between cilia and flagella? ✔️✔️ Cilia are short and numerous; flagella are
long and few
What is a tissue? ✔️✔️ Group of similar cells performing a specific function
What is histology? ✔️✔️ Study of tissues
What is the role of stem cells? ✔️✔️ Differentiate into specialized cells
What is regeneration? ✔️✔️ Replacement of damaged tissues with identical cells
What is fibrosis? ✔️✔️ Formation of scar tissue
What is metabolism? ✔️✔️ Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What is anabolism? ✔️✔️ Building complex molecules from simpler ones
What is catabolism? ✔️✔️ Breaking down molecules to release energy
What is ATP? ✔️✔️ Primary energy currency of the cell
What is the function of enzymes? ✔️✔️ Speed up chemical reactions
What is the pH scale used to measure? ✔️✔️ Acidity or alkalinity
What is a buffer system? ✔️✔️ Maintains stable pH levels
What is dehydration synthesis? ✔️✔️ Joining molecules by removing water
What is hydrolysis? ✔️✔️ Breaking molecules using water
What is the role of carbohydrates in the body? ✔️✔️ Provide energy
What is the function of lipids? ✔️✔️ Energy storage and insulation
What are proteins primarily responsible for? ✔️✔️ Structure and function of cells
3
, What is the role of nucleic acids? ✔️✔️ Store and transmit genetic information
What is DNA? ✔️✔️ Molecule carrying genetic instructions
What is RNA? ✔️✔️ Involved in protein synthesis
What is a gene? ✔️✔️ Segment of DNA coding for a protein
What is the cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Series of events leading to cell division
What is mitosis? ✔️✔️ Division of nucleus producing identical cells
What is cytokinesis? ✔️✔️ Division of cytoplasm
What is apoptosis? ✔️✔️ Programmed cell death
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Ensure proper cell division
What is cancer in terms of cell cycle? ✔️✔️ Uncontrolled cell division
What is differentiation? ✔️✔️ Process by which cells become specialized
What is the function of lysosomes? ✔️✔️ Digest cellular waste
What is the role of peroxisomes? ✔️✔️ Detoxify harmful substances
What is facilitated diffusion? ✔️✔️ Passive transport using carrier proteins
What is endocytosis? ✔️✔️ Cell engulfs substances
What is exocytosis? ✔️✔️ Cell releases substances
What is tonicity? ✔️✔️ Ability of a solution to change cell shape
What happens in a hypotonic solution? ✔️✔️ Cell swells
What happens in a hypertonic solution? ✔️✔️ Cell shrinks
What happens in an isotonic solution? ✔️✔️ No net movement of water
What is the function of microvilli? ✔️✔️ Increase surface area for absorption
What is the basal lamina? ✔️✔️ Supports epithelial cells
4
