A&P 1: Chapter 1 – Terminology, Exam ready, 100% correct answers

Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology in one clear statement ️️ Anatomy focuses on body structure while physiology focuses on how those structures function What does the term “homeostasis” mean in the context of A&P ️️ The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes Define the term “metabolism” ️️ All chemical reactions that occur within the body to maintain life, including catabolism and anabolism What is meant by “anterior” in anatomical terminology ️️ Refers to the front of the body What is meant by “posterior” in anatomical terminology ️️ Refers to the back of the body Define “superior” in anatomy ️️ Toward the head or upper part of a structure Define “inferior” in anatomy ️️ Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure What does “medial” mean ️️ Toward the midline of the body What does “lateral” mean ️️ Away from the midline of the body Define “proximal” ️️ Closer to the point of origin or attachment Define “distal” ️️ Farther from the point of origin or attachment What is the meaning of “superficial” ️️ Closer to the surface of the body What is the meaning of “deep” ️️ Farther from the surface of the body What is the anatomical position ️️ Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward and feet slightly apart Why is the anatomical position important ️️ It provides a standard reference for describing body parts and directions consistently Define “regional anatomy” ️️ Study of the body by specific regions such as head, chest, or limbs Define “systemic anatomy” ️️ Study of the body by organ systems 2 What is surface anatomy ️️ Study of external body features and landmarks What is microscopic anatomy ️️ Study of structures that require a microscope, such as cells and tissues What is gross anatomy ️️ Study of body structures visible to the naked eye Define “physiology” ️️ The study of how body structures function What is “cellular physiology” ️️ Study of cell functions and processes What is “pathophysiology” ️️ Study of how disease affects normal physiological processes Define “organ system” ️️ A group of organs working together to perform a specific function What does “homeostatic imbalance” mean ️️ A disruption of the body’s internal balance leading to disease What is “negative feedback” ️️ A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis What is “positive feedback” ️️ A mechanism that amplifies a change until a specific outcome is reached Give an example of negative feedback ️️ Regulation of body temperature where sweating cools the body Give an example of positive feedback ️️ Labor contractions during childbirth increasing until delivery occurs What is the “control center” in a feedback system ️️ The part of the system that processes information and sends commands, often the brain What is a “receptor” in homeostasis ️️ A sensor that detects changes in the environment What is an “effector” ️️ A structure that carries out a response to restore balance What is the meaning of “dorsal” ️️ Toward the back of the body What is the meaning of “ventral” ️️ Toward the front of the body What is the meaning of “cranial” ️️ Toward the head What is the meaning of “caudal” ️️ Toward the tail or lower end of the body 3 What is the meaning of “ipsilateral” ️️ On the same side of the body What is the meaning of “contralateral” ️️ On opposite sides of the body Define “abduction” ️️ Movement away from the midline Define “adduction” ️️ Movement toward the midline What does “flexion” mean ️️ Decreasing the angle between two body parts What does “extension” mean ️️ Increasing the angle between two body parts Define “rotation” ️️ Movement around a central axis What is “circumduction” ️️ Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction What is the sagittal plane ️️ Divides the body into left and right portions What is the frontal plane ️️ Divides the body into front and back portions What is the transverse plane ️️ Divides the body into upper and lower portions What is the anatomical term for the wrist ️️ The carpal region What is the anatomical term for the ankle ️️ The tarsal region What is the anatomical term for the chest ️️ The thoracic region What is the anatomical term for the abdomen ️️ The abdominal region What is the anatomical term for the head ️️ The cranial region What is the anatomical term for the neck ️️ The cervical region What is the meaning of “palmar” ️️ Refers to the palm side of the hand What is the meaning of “plantar” ️️ Refers to the sole of the foot What is the meaning of “supine” ️️ Lying face up What is the meaning of “prone” ️️ Lying face down 4 What is the term for the elbow region ️️ The antecubital region What is the term for the back of the knee ️️ The popliteal region What is the meaning of “visceral” ️️ Relating to internal organs What is the meaning of “parietal” ️️ Relating to the walls of a cavity What is the difference between anatomical and physiological terms ️️ Anatomical terms describe structure, while physiological terms describe function Why is precise terminology important in anatomy and physiology ️️ It prevents misunderstandings and ensures clear communication