PSYCHOLOGY 1010 : TESTBANK SOCPSY finals by Myers (11/e Test Bank)/ With clearly explained rationales.

Myers 11/e Test Bank Chapter 12 1) The motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self-interests defines A. the social responsibility norm. B. egoism. C. the s ocial-exchange theory. D. altruism. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 440 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 2) You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina’s behavior can be characterized by A. the reciprocity norm. B. egoism. C. the social-exchange theory. D. altruism. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 440 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 3) The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as A. the social-exchange theory. B. egoism. C. the reciprocity norm. D. self-theory. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 4) Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the A. empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. social-exchange theory. C. social responsibility norm. D. social comparison theory. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 5) You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the A. empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. social-exchange theory. C. social responsibility norm. D. social comparison theory. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 6) According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are A. internal or external. B. internal. C. external. D. consciously recognized before the act of helping. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 7) The opposite of altruism is A. apathy. B. antipathy. C. egoism. D. selfishness. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 443 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 8) Altruism is to as egoism is to . A. Gouldner; Batson B. reciprocity; social justice C. the evolutionary theory; the social norms theory D. another’s welfare; one’s own welfare Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 443 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 9) The notion of egoism maintains that A. self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval. B. self-interest motivates all behavior. C. our self-concept is determined by others’ evaluation of us. D. the healthy personality has a strong ego. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 443 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 10) A major weakness of the reward theory is that it A. is impossible to test experimentally. B. fails to account for the reciprocal exchange of favors. C. easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming. D. ignores the role of internal self-rewards in motivating altruism. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 443 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 11) In McMillen and Austin’s research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to A. lie again. B. volunteer a large amount of time. C. volunteer a small amount of time. D. avoid the researchers. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 444 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 12) Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to A. reduce private guilt. B. reclaim a positive public image. C. both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image. D. neither reduce private guilt nor reclaim a positive public image. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 444 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 13) A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would A. be less likely to help others. B. be more likely to help others. C. take pleasure in helping others. D. not take pleasure in helping others. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: pages 444-445 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 14) Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that people are helpful people. A. happy B. well-rested C. well-educated D. easy-going Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 445 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 15) Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help. A. guilty B. intense grief C. unhappy D. superior Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 445 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 16) Who of the following is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital? A. Melvin’s older sister, who is hurrying to get to her scheduled appointment with the family doctor B. Melvin’s mother, who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer C. Melvin’s younger brother, who is depressed over receiving a D on a physics exam D. Melvin’s father, who is annoyed over the newspaper boy’s trampling of his flower bed Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 446 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 17) Helping a bad mood and a good mood. A. eliminates; increases B. softens; sustains C. does not change; amplifies D. increases; increases Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 446 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 18) According to research cited in the text, which of the following is the correct order? A. positive mood; positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem B. positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive mood C. positive behavior; positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem D. positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive behavior Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 446 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 19) Sociologist Gouldner (1960) contended that the norm of reciprocity A. is the ultimate basis for feelings of empathy. B. is stronger in females than in males. C. is as universal as the incest taboo. D. has little application in close relationships such as marriage. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 20) The free address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the A. reciprocity norm. B. social exchange theory. C. social responsibility theory. D. social capital theory. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 21) After Mr. Walters’ neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters’ sense of obligation most likely resulted from the A. door-in-the-face phenomenon. B. social responsibility norm. C. reciprocity norm. D. equal status norm. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 22) Mr. Lemming’s neighbors mowed his lawn, but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate. We can predict that Mr. Lemming may feel A. demeaned because he cannot reciprocate. B. angry at his neighbors. C. grateful and happy. D. ungrateful. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 23) The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that A. people will help when necessary in order to receive help themselves later. B. leaders will help more than regular group members. C. people will help those dependent upon them. D. to receive help, people must ask for it. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: pages 447-448 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 24) University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when A. they were promised a pledge in return. B. the pledge was unsolicited. C. it was for someone who had bought them candy. D. it was anonymous. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 25) Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility? A. Ian B. Dan C. Tam D. Ian and Dan are both more likely than Tam. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 26) In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly? A. India B. England C. United States D. Canada Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 27) According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage to help. A. political conservatives B. political liberals C. political independents D. males rather than females Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 448 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 28) According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles? A. Give but require repayment with interest. B. Give people what they deserve. C. Give away only what you will never use. D. Do unto others as they have done unto you. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 448 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 29) If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to A. the overjustification effect. B. attributions. C. self-concepts. D. empathy. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 448 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 30) When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to A. a lack of motivation. B. circumstances beyond their control. C. poor planning or foresight. D. their mood or disposition. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 449 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 31) A classmate of Bianca’s wants to borrow Bianca’s notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she A. takes inadequate notes. B. does not like this class as well as her other courses. C. has been absent due to illness. D. has not been able to concentrate in class. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 449 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 32) Research on gender and helping norms revealed that offered more help when the persons in need were females, and offered help equally to males and females. A. men; women B. women; men C. older men; younger women D. younger men; older women Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 33) Research on gender and helping norms revealed that A. females offer more help to males B. males offer to help males and females equally. C. females seek more help. D. both males and females help others equally. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 34) are twice as likely as to seek medical and psychiatric help. A. European-Americans; Asian-Americans B. Asian-Americans; European-Americans C. Men; women D. Women; men Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 35) Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is A. gene survival. B. self-actualization. C. holistic health. D. the discovery of meaning. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 36) According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on A. reciprocity. B. social responsibility. C. social justice. D. egoism. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 37) The idea that altruism toward one’s close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as A. evolutionary kinship. B. altruistic selection. C. kin selection. D. self-serving helpfulness. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 38) Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends? A. evolutionary psychology B. the social norms theory C. the social-exchange theory D. the self-presentation theory Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 451 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 39) Social-exchange is a theory, while social norms is a theory. A. sociological; psychological B. psychological; sociological C. biological; psychological D. sociological; biological Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 452 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 40) From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why A. John paid his son’s hospital bill. B. Phyllis helped her mother clean the house. C. William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house. D. Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 452 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 41) Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why A. Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger. B. Molly agreed to drive her neighbor to the doctor. C. Simon donated a kidney to save the life of his son. D. Rick helped his best friend paint his house. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 452 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 42) People who live in are least likely to relay a phone message, mail “lost” letters, cooperate with survey interviewers, do small favors, or help a lost child. A. big cities B. small towns C. rural environments D. apartments Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 451 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 43) Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to A. develop a drug that will encourage altruism. B. develop an “altruistic gene.” C. teach altruism. D. live only in small, isolated communities. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 452 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 44) According to the text, the of altruism propose(s) two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional, intrinsic helpfulness. A. social norms theory B. social-exchange theory C. evolutionary theory D. social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 452 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 45) According to the evolutionary theory, it can be predicted that it is more likely that A. children will be more devoted to their parents than vice versa. B. parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa. C. women will be more devoted to their parents than men. D. men will be more devoted to their children than women. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 46) is an emotion evoked by sympathy for another. A. Egoism B. Empathy C. Altruism D. Voyeurism Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 454 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 47) Hoffman (1981) reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of A. egoism. B. empathy. C. altruism. D. voyeurism. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 455 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 48) Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that A. most participants agreed to help but only if they would be rewarded. B. most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete. C. most participants downplayed the victim’s suffering or convinced themselves that she deserved to be shocked. D. most participants refused to trade places but expressed sympathy and sought compensation for the victim from the experimenters. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: pages 455-456 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 49) Batson believes that true altruism does exist in feelings of sympathy and compassion for others. Which is NOT an example of genuine altruism? A. In general, women report more empathy than men and are less likely to support war. B. It is easier to feel empathy for a needy individual than “mother earth.” C. Empathy-induced altruism can pose a threat to the common good when we narrow our focus of concern to close friends vs. others we don’t know. D. Helping others by giving to a charity that supports an issue we think is really important. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 456 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 50) Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature? A. Darley B. Schaller C. Cialdini D. Batson Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 457 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 51) Latané and Darley attempted to explain people’s failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of A. situational influences. B. personality traits. C. mood factors. D. selfish genes. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 460 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 52) In observing people’s responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that greatly decreased intervention. A. social alienation B. a lack of empathy C. the presence of other bystanders D. self-concern Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 53) You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are others present. A. no B. two C. four D. ten Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 54) Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané’s decision tree? A. noticing the incident B. interpreting the incident as an emergency C. weighing the costs and benefits of helping D. assuming responsibility for intervening Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 55) Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps? A. noticing the incident B. interpreting the incident as an emergency C. assessing the victim’s desire for help D. assuming personal responsibility for intervening Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 56) A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency? A. You must recognize the event as life-threatening. B. You must assume responsibility for helping. C. You must notice the stranger. D. You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 57) Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working tended to notice the smoke in . A. in groups; less than five seconds B. alone; less than five seconds. C. on a challenging task; about 20 seconds D. on a rote task; less than five seconds Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 460 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 58) The tendency to overestimate others’ ability to “read” our internal states is called the illusion of A. deceit. B. visibility. C. awareness. D. transparency. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 460 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 59) The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called A. the bystander effect. B. pluralistic ignorance. C. the self-interest effect. D. the suppression of responsibility effect. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 461 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 60) In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help? A. 100 percent B. 70 percent C. 40 percent D. 10 percent Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 461 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 61) In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. When pairs of strangers confronted the emergency, what percentage offered help? A. 100 percent B. 70 percent C. 40 percent D. 10 percent Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 461 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 62) Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism A. is always helpful. B. does not inhibit aggression. C. lowers cooperation. D. can feed favoritism, injustice, and indifference. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 456 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 63) Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? A. They are seldom alone in public places. B. They become cold and uncaring after living in a city. C. They experience “compassion fatigue.” D. They experience “sensory overload.” Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 462 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 64) According to the bystander effect, A. we are more likely to help others when others are present. B. we are less likely to help others when others are present. C. we are unaffected by bystanders when help is needed. D. a bystander is the person most likely to help. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 461 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 65) In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention, researchers have A. always first obtained the participant’s informed consent. B. been careful to debrief their laboratory participants. C. subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little, if any, value or application to everyday life. D. been unable to replicate real-life situations. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 463 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 66) Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping A. presented on television have virtually no effect on children. B. promote altruism in children but not in adults. C. promote altruism in the observers. D. decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 463 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 67) Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior? A. the presence of others who offer help B. the presence of others who do nothing C. time pressure D. being non-religious Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 465 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 68) In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by A. religious education. B. age differences. C. social responsibility. D. time pressures. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 69) Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others? A. the number of bystanders B. avoiding eye contact C. interpreting the situation D. assuming responsibility Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 70) Darley and Batson (1973) gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded, and then sent them to the recording studio. Participants who had been were most likely to stop and offer aid to a “victim” they encountered en route to the recording studio. A. asked to talk about career opportunities B. asked to talk about the Good Samaritan parable C. given extra time to reach the studio D. told they were already late in departing for the studio Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 71) According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because they A. have weighed the costs of helping and have decided they are too high. B. never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance. C. tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs. D. tend to be in a negative mood state and therefore are less likely to help. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 72) Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian? A. Tatiana, who has just found $10 in a grocery store. B. Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting. C. Anastasia, who has just lost a dollar bill in a poker game. D. Boris, who is five minutes early for work. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 73) Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are us. A. close in proximity to B. similar to C. different from D. older than Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 74) DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were when the other person’s pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it. A. more trusting but less generous B. more trusting and more generous C. less trusting but more generous D. less trusting and less generous Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 75) Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either “straight” or “hip” college students and asked for change to make a phone call. Results of this experiment confirmed a bias in helping. A. familiarity B. similarity C. credibility D. complementary Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 76) Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is A. less likely to notice the situation. B. less likely to interpret it as an emergency. C. less likely to assume responsibility. D. less likely to walk away. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 77) We tend to help more often when A. we have just observed someone else helping. B. we are rushed. C. the person is perceived to be different from us. D. we are in a group of people. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 467 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 78) The network of traits that predisposes a person to be helpful are all of the following EXCEPT A. high in positive emotionality. B. high in awareness. C. high in empathy. D. high in self-efficacy. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 468 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 79) Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that A. personality traits have little to no influence on helping. B. the person and the situation interact to predict helping. C. assertiveness strongly predicts helping across a variety of situations. D. gender is the only characteristic that predicts helping better than situational factors. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: pages 467-468 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 80) When looking at ingroup similarity and helping, researchers noted all of the following EXCEPT A. people tend to help those that are perceived similar in a narrowly defined group. B. people tend to help those that are perceived similar in an inclusive larger defined group. C. one way to increase people’s willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more inclusive than exclusive. D. one way to increase people’s willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more exclusive than inclusive. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 465 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 81) When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help, A. women help most. B. men help most. C. men and women help equally. D. older people help most. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 468 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 82) In helping situations, A. women offer more than men. B. men offer more than women. C. there are gender differences depending on the situation. D. men respond to a friend’s problem more than women. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 468 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 83) were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity. A. Women B. Men C. Southerners D. Members in religious groups Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 470 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 84) According to the text, individuals who identify as in terms of spiritual commitment are most likely to report working volunteer and give to charities. A. highly uncommitted B. moderately uncommitted C. moderately committed D. highly committed Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 470 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 85) Solomon and Solomon (1978) found that bystanders who were more likely to offer aid to a person. A. remained anonymous B. identified themselves to one another by name and age C. physically resembled the person D. were the same sex as the person Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 86) People are more likely to help another person if A. they are anonymous. B. they don’t expect to see them again. C. they expect to see them again. D. They like the looks of the other person. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 87) Pedestrians who are more likely to help another pedestrian pick up a dropped envelope are those who A. are closest to the person who dropped the envelope. B. physically resemble the person who dropped the envelope. C. just had their photograph taken. D. remain anonymous. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 88) The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 89) Keisha is stopped on the street by a panhandler. She is most likely to give money if A. the panhandler is male. B. the panhandler is female. C. she just had her picture taken. D. she can remain anonymous. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 90) Katzev (1978) found that when people were reprimanded at a zoo for feeding unauthorized food to bears, they were to help another person afterwards than if they had not been reprimanded. A. more likely B. somewhat likely C. less likely D. just as likely Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 473 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 91) Researchers have found that with door-to-door solicitation, there is more success with requests for contributions when they are A. random. B. systematic. C. large. D. small. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 92) Which one of the following is NOT one of the ways that Myers suggests to increase social altruism? A. teach moral inclusion B. learn about egoism C. model altruism D. attribute helping behavior to altruism Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 93) Regarding people who are within one’s circle of moral concern is called A. moral exclusion. B. moral inclusion. C. exclusive altruism. D. ingroup moralism. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 94) Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior? A. increase the ambiguity of the situation B. model prosocial behavior C. increase rewards for helping behavior D. model the bystander effect Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 476 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 95) Omitting certain people from one’s circle of moral concern is called A. moral exclusion. B. moral inclusion. C. exclusive altruism. D. ingroup moralism. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 96) Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s reported that A. they came from families who themselves had been victims of some form of social injustice. B. they had warm, close relationships with at least one parent who was a “strong moralist” and committed to humanitarian causes. C. their efforts were in part a reaction to having been raised in a troubled family environment in which parents and children were in frequent conflict. D. they were firstborn or only children whose parents had taught them courage and independence. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Feedback: page 475 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 97) Which of the following techniques should elementary schoolteachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students? A. Show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others. B. Offer a new bicycle to the boy or girl who is most helpful to other students in a two-week period. C. Reprimand and punish any overt aggression. D. Instill a sense of patriotism. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 98) What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism? A. the door-in-the-face principle B. moral exclusion C. the overjustification effect D. the insufficient justification effect Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 477 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 99) There are many ways to increase helping behaviors in people. Which is NOT one of the ways identified in the chapter? A. Door-in-the-face request after someone turns down making a large donation to a charity. B. Introduce yourself by name and other characteristics. C. Set up your request so they know you will see them again. D. Guilt-laden people don’t tend to help others. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 478 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 100) Which statement is TRUE? A. If a person’s helping behavior is motivated by possible rewards, the helping behavior is termed altruistic. B. Social exchange theory says we react to an emergency by considering what we can get out of it and balance that against risks. C. Children, but not adults, are more likely to help others when their mood is negative. D. Individuals who feel guilty are less likely to help others in need. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 101) Jeanne and her friends from church have adopted several shut-ins (church members who are no longer able to attend services). Their actions may be based on the norm. A. reciprocity B. social responsibility C. equity D. equality Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 441 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 102) According to evolutionary psychology A. individuals are rarely helpful to others, since such self-sacrifice would destroy one’s chances of contributing to the gene pool. B. altruism occurs when a personal sacrifice is necessary to insure the group’s survival. C. most altruism in human society reflects either a kin selection process or reciprocity. D. behavior is determined by genetics, so the social environment does not influence behavior. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: pages 450-451 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 103) The bystander effect predicts that A. helping behavior increases as physical proximity decreases. B. people are less likely to help in groups than when they are alone. C. people are more likely to help in groups than when they are alone. D. people often refuse help to maintain equity in the social relationship. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 461 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 104) When Darley and Batson (1973) staged an ambiguous emergency (a man slumped in a doorway) in front of seminary students they found that A. seminary students were more helpful than the average bystander was. B. the bystander effect does not apply to religious people. C. students were less helpful if they were late for an appointment. D. students who were on their way to give a lecture on the parable of the good Samaritan were more helpful. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 464 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 105) Belle is deliriously happy because she has recently fallen in love with Sean. Which of the following behaviors should we most likely expect from Belle? A. Belle will display more egoistic behaviors. B. Belle will display more helpful behaviors. C. How helpful Belle is will not change as the result of her new happiness. D. Belle will be more helpful only to Sean, but her behaviors to her co-workers will remain the same. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 445 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 106) Jack helps Jill go up a hill to fetch a pail of water. According to the reciprocity norm, what behaviors should we expect from Jill? A. Jill will later help Jack fix his car. B. Jill will help Jack only if she is feeling depressed. C. Jill will help Jack only if she is feeling guilty about snubbing Miss Mary Mack. D. Jill will help Jack only if he is biologically related to her. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 107) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Some people are reliably more helpful than others. B. Religiously committed people are more likely to help than are those who are not religiously committed. C. Situation alone determines whether people help or not. D. High self-monitors are more likely to help than low self-monitors are if they think helpfulness will be socially rewarded. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: pages 467-470 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 108) Susan asks Robert to drive her from Los Angeles, California, to Albany, New York. When Robert says “no,” Susan asks if he can drive her to the local airport instead. Susan is using A. moral exclusion. B. the foot-in-the-door technique. C. the low-balling technique. D. the door-in-the-face technique. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 473 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 109) The perception of certain others as outside one’s boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness is called A. moral exclusion. B. the door-in-the-face technique. C. the outgroup bias. D. outgroup homogeneity. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 474 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 110) Ben is highly disturbed by the screaming he hears from the street below his apartment. To help reduce his distress he goes to see if someone needs help. Ben’s behavior seems to be motivated by A. altruism. B. the gaining of external rewards. C. the gaining of an internal reward. D. guilt. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 443 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 111) You ate the last of your roommate’s cereal. When she asks “did you finish the cereal or did I?” you lie and say you didn’t eat it. When she then asks you to stop by the store to pick up some more you agree. Your behavior is best explained by A. the feel bad-do good effect. B. the feel good-do good effect. C. social exchange theory. D. the reciprocity norm. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 445 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 112) Which of the following is FALSE? A. women seek more help than men B. men offer help more to women than men C. women offer help more to men than women D. women welcome help more readily than men Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 113) Fifty year-old Patty is in a car accident with her sister, nephew, and son. She has time to save herself and one other person. According to evolutionary psychology, who will Patty likely help? A. her nephew B. her son C. her sister D. the other driver Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 450 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 114) When Will sees other people crying he cries too and when he sees someone who is embarrassed, he feels embarrassed. Will would likely score receive a high score on a measure of A. altruism. B. sympathy. C. guilt. D. empathy. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 454 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain 115) You are most likely to receive help when there are witnesses to your plight. A. 2 B. 6 C. 10 D. 14 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 116) According to Latané and Darley (1968) what must happen first for you to offer assistance in an emergency? A. you need to notice the incident B. you need to take responsibility for the incident C. you need to interpret the situation as an emergency D. you need to weigh the costs and benefits of helping Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 459 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 117) While walking down the street Tim sees a man slumped over grabbing his chest. Tim looks around at the other pedestrians who don’t seem concerned. He assumes that, if they aren’t worried, then everything is OK and keeps walking. This is an example of A. diffusion of responsibility. B. egoism. C. pluralistic ignorance. D. the social responsibility norm. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 460 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 118) People are most likely to offer assistance when A. they live in a large city. B. there are many witnesses to an event. C. they have just seen another person offering helping someone else. D. they are running late. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 463 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 119) Why does personal treatment increase helping in bystanders? A. it makes them more self-aware B. it makes them less egoistic C. it triggers the social responsibility norm D. it triggers the reciprocity norm Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 472 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 120) People often feel more altruistic when they have helped without receiving payment or implied social pressure than when offered a reward for doing so. This is best explained by A. moral exclusion. B. the overjustification effect. C. the bystander effect. D. diffusion of responsibility. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 477 Learning Goals: Suggest how helping might be increased by reversing the factors that inhibit helping, by teaching norms of helping, and by socializing people to see themselves as helpful. 121) Which of the following is false? A. Volunteering benefits one’s health. B. Bereaved spouses recover from their depression faster if they help others. C. People who donate money are happier than those whose spending is self-focused. D. Most people help to make themselves feel good. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 442 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 122) Before Paul went out of town he asked his neighbor to stop by to water his lawn. His neighbor was happy to agree. This type of helping is an example of A. social capital. B. social exchange. C. altruism. D. the bystander effect. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 447 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 123) We feel empathic concern in all of the following situations except A. when we value another’s welfare. B. when we take another’s perspective. C. when we perceive someone as being in need. D. when we are related to the person in need. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 454 Learning Goals: Explain psychology’s theories of what motivates helping—and the type of helping each theory seeks to explain. 124) Same-race bias appears A. in all situations. B. in few situations. C. when people can attribute failure to help to nonrace factors. D. when people can attribute helping to prosocial factors. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: page 466 Learning Goals: Identify circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. Explain how and why helping is influenced by the number and behavior of other bystanders, by mood states, and by traits and values. 125) The average religious person volunteers hours per week compared to those disengaged with their faith who volunteer an average hours per week. A. 5; 0 B. 2; 0 C. 5; 1 D. 2; 1 Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Feedback: page 470 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. 126) Around the world, compared to non-religious people, all of the following are true of highly religious people except A. highly religious people have higher incomes. B. highly religious people give more to charities. C. highly religious people volunteer more often. D. highly religious people are more likely to help strangers. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Basic Feedback: pages 469-470 Learning Goals: Identify some traits and values that predict helping. Critical Thinking Questions 127) Define altruism and provide an example of it. Answer: Answers will vary Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension-Application Difficulty Level: Moderate-Difficult Feedback: (page 440) Learning Goals: 128) Compare and contrast the three theories of helping: social exchange, social norms, and the evolutionary theory. Answer: Answers will vary Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension-Application Difficulty Level: Moderate-Difficult Feedback: (pages 441, 447, 450) Learning Goals: 129) What are the positive and negative effects of empathy-based altruism? Answer: Answers will vary Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension-Application Difficulty Level: Moderate-Difficult Feedback: