NR571 MIDTERM COMPLEX DIAGNOSIS AND
MANAGEMENT PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which cells become sensitized in Type I hypersensitivity? Answer:
Mast cells and basophils
◉ What mediators are released upon allergen exposure in Type I
hypersensitivity? Answer: Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins,
cytokines
◉ What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I
hypersensitivity? Answer: Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction,
increased mucus production
◉ Is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction immediate or delayed?
Answer: Immediate
◉ What characterizes Type II hypersensitivity? Answer: Immune
attack on cells displaying altered self-antigens
◉ How are cells destroyed in Type II hypersensitivity? Answer:
Through complement activation or antibody-dependent cell lysis
,◉ What determines symptoms in Type II hypersensitivity? Answer:
The tissue or organ where antigen is expressed
◉ What precaution prevents transfusion reactions? Answer: Blood
typing and cross-matching
◉ What is formed in Type III hypersensitivity? Answer: Antibody-
antigen immune complexes
◉ Where do these complexes deposit? Answer: In vessel walls and
tissues systemically
◉ What immune component is activated afterward? Answer: The
complement system
◉ What cells cause most tissue injury? Answer: Neutrophils
◉ Give examples of Type III disorders. Answer: SLE, serum sickness,
Raynaud phenomenon
◉ What mediates Type IV hypersensitivity? Answer: T lymphocytes
and macrophages
, ◉ When do Type IV reactions appear? Answer: 48-72 hours after
exposure
◉ What happens when T cells encounter antigen? Answer: They
migrate to the site and cause inflammation
◉ What is a granuloma? Answer: Cluster of immune cells that
contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
◉ Name autoimmune diseases with Type IV reactions. Answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes
◉ What type of virus is HIV? Answer: RNA retrovirus
◉ What cells does HIV target? Answer: CD4+ T cells
◉ How does HIV replicate? Answer: Reverse transcriptase converts
RNA → DNA → enters host genome
◉ What does ART therapy do? Answer: Suppresses viral replication
and restores immune function
◉ How can cancer cause immunodeficiency? Answer: Through
chronic inflammation and immune suppression
MANAGEMENT PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which cells become sensitized in Type I hypersensitivity? Answer:
Mast cells and basophils
◉ What mediators are released upon allergen exposure in Type I
hypersensitivity? Answer: Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins,
cytokines
◉ What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I
hypersensitivity? Answer: Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction,
increased mucus production
◉ Is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction immediate or delayed?
Answer: Immediate
◉ What characterizes Type II hypersensitivity? Answer: Immune
attack on cells displaying altered self-antigens
◉ How are cells destroyed in Type II hypersensitivity? Answer:
Through complement activation or antibody-dependent cell lysis
,◉ What determines symptoms in Type II hypersensitivity? Answer:
The tissue or organ where antigen is expressed
◉ What precaution prevents transfusion reactions? Answer: Blood
typing and cross-matching
◉ What is formed in Type III hypersensitivity? Answer: Antibody-
antigen immune complexes
◉ Where do these complexes deposit? Answer: In vessel walls and
tissues systemically
◉ What immune component is activated afterward? Answer: The
complement system
◉ What cells cause most tissue injury? Answer: Neutrophils
◉ Give examples of Type III disorders. Answer: SLE, serum sickness,
Raynaud phenomenon
◉ What mediates Type IV hypersensitivity? Answer: T lymphocytes
and macrophages
, ◉ When do Type IV reactions appear? Answer: 48-72 hours after
exposure
◉ What happens when T cells encounter antigen? Answer: They
migrate to the site and cause inflammation
◉ What is a granuloma? Answer: Cluster of immune cells that
contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
◉ Name autoimmune diseases with Type IV reactions. Answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes
◉ What type of virus is HIV? Answer: RNA retrovirus
◉ What cells does HIV target? Answer: CD4+ T cells
◉ How does HIV replicate? Answer: Reverse transcriptase converts
RNA → DNA → enters host genome
◉ What does ART therapy do? Answer: Suppresses viral replication
and restores immune function
◉ How can cancer cause immunodeficiency? Answer: Through
chronic inflammation and immune suppression
