The Changing Economic World
R A G
There are global Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of
variations in economic development and quality of life.
economic Different economic and social measures of development: gross national income
development and (GNI) per head, birth and death rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per
quality of life. doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water, Human Development Index (HDI).
Limitations of economic and social measures.
Link between stages of the Demographic Transition Model and the level of
development.
Causes of uneven development: physical, economic and historical.
Consequences of uneven development: disparities in wealth and health,
international migration.
Various strategies An overview of the strategies used to reduce the development gap:
exist for reducing investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, using intermediate
the global technology, fairtrade, debt relief, microfinance loans.
development gap. An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the
development gap.
Some LICs and A case study of one LIC or NEE to illustrate:
NEEs are
experiencing rapid • the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally
economic
• the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the
development
country is placed
which leads to
• the changing industrial structure. The balance between different sectors of the
significant social,
economy. How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development
environmental and
cultural change. • the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial
development. Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country
• the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world
• international aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country
• the environmental impacts of economic development
• the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population.
Major changes in Economic futures in the UK:
the economy of the • causes of economic change: de-industrialisation and decline of traditional
UK have affected, industrial base, globalisation and government policies
and will continue
to affect, • moving towards a post-industrial economy: development of information
employment technology, service industries, finance, research, science and business parks
patterns and • impacts of industry on the physical environment. An example of how modern
regional growth. industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable
• social and economic changes in the rural landscape in one area of population
growth and one area of population decline
• improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and
airport capacity
• the north–south divide. Strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional
differences
• the place of the UK in the wider world. Links through trade, culture, transport,
and electronic communication. Economic and political links: the European Union
(EU) and Commonwealth.
, KEY IDEA 1
1. Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of economic
development and quality of life.
o Economic Development = The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of
technology and human welfare
o Quality of Life = the outcome or product of economic development
o The Development Gap = the difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and
poorest countries. It can also be within countries.
2. Different economic and social measures of development
Development What is it? A measure of… As a country Is it a social or
Indicator develops, it economic
gets… indicator
Gross national The total value of goods and services produced Wealth Higher economic
income (GNI) by a country, including income from overseas.
It’s usually measured in US dollars.
Gross National An average GNI per person per year. Wealth Higher Economic
Income (GNI) per It’s usually in US dollars
head/ per capita
Gross Domestic The total value of goods and services produced
Product (GDP) in a country per person per year.
Birth Rate The number of live babies born per 1000 Health/ women’s Lower Social
people per year. rights
Death Rate The number of deaths per 1000 per year. Health Lower Social
Infant Mortality The number of babies who die under 1 year Health Lower Social
old, per 1000 babies born.
Life Expectancy The average age a person can expect to live to. Health Higher Social
People per Doctor The number of people for each doctor Health Lower Social
Literacy Rate The percentage of people over 15 who can read Education Higher Social
or write
Access to safe water The percentage of people who can get clean Health Higher Social
drinking water.
Human Development A number that it calculated using Life Health, Education, Higher Economic and
Index (HDI) Expectancy (health), literacy rate/ school Wealth, social
enrolment (education) and GNI (wealth)
3. Limitations of economic and social measures.
• The measures can be misleading when used on their own because they’re averages – they don’t show up elite
groups in the population or variations within the county.
• There is a variation in levels of development between regions.
• Data can be unreliable due to misreporting or it not being available or difficulties accessing very remote areas.
• Data can be out of date.
• As a country develops, some aspects develop before others.
• Corrupt governments may distort available data.
R A G
There are global Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of
variations in economic development and quality of life.
economic Different economic and social measures of development: gross national income
development and (GNI) per head, birth and death rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per
quality of life. doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water, Human Development Index (HDI).
Limitations of economic and social measures.
Link between stages of the Demographic Transition Model and the level of
development.
Causes of uneven development: physical, economic and historical.
Consequences of uneven development: disparities in wealth and health,
international migration.
Various strategies An overview of the strategies used to reduce the development gap:
exist for reducing investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, using intermediate
the global technology, fairtrade, debt relief, microfinance loans.
development gap. An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the
development gap.
Some LICs and A case study of one LIC or NEE to illustrate:
NEEs are
experiencing rapid • the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally
economic
• the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the
development
country is placed
which leads to
• the changing industrial structure. The balance between different sectors of the
significant social,
economy. How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development
environmental and
cultural change. • the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial
development. Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country
• the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world
• international aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country
• the environmental impacts of economic development
• the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population.
Major changes in Economic futures in the UK:
the economy of the • causes of economic change: de-industrialisation and decline of traditional
UK have affected, industrial base, globalisation and government policies
and will continue
to affect, • moving towards a post-industrial economy: development of information
employment technology, service industries, finance, research, science and business parks
patterns and • impacts of industry on the physical environment. An example of how modern
regional growth. industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable
• social and economic changes in the rural landscape in one area of population
growth and one area of population decline
• improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and
airport capacity
• the north–south divide. Strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional
differences
• the place of the UK in the wider world. Links through trade, culture, transport,
and electronic communication. Economic and political links: the European Union
(EU) and Commonwealth.
, KEY IDEA 1
1. Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of economic
development and quality of life.
o Economic Development = The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of
technology and human welfare
o Quality of Life = the outcome or product of economic development
o The Development Gap = the difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and
poorest countries. It can also be within countries.
2. Different economic and social measures of development
Development What is it? A measure of… As a country Is it a social or
Indicator develops, it economic
gets… indicator
Gross national The total value of goods and services produced Wealth Higher economic
income (GNI) by a country, including income from overseas.
It’s usually measured in US dollars.
Gross National An average GNI per person per year. Wealth Higher Economic
Income (GNI) per It’s usually in US dollars
head/ per capita
Gross Domestic The total value of goods and services produced
Product (GDP) in a country per person per year.
Birth Rate The number of live babies born per 1000 Health/ women’s Lower Social
people per year. rights
Death Rate The number of deaths per 1000 per year. Health Lower Social
Infant Mortality The number of babies who die under 1 year Health Lower Social
old, per 1000 babies born.
Life Expectancy The average age a person can expect to live to. Health Higher Social
People per Doctor The number of people for each doctor Health Lower Social
Literacy Rate The percentage of people over 15 who can read Education Higher Social
or write
Access to safe water The percentage of people who can get clean Health Higher Social
drinking water.
Human Development A number that it calculated using Life Health, Education, Higher Economic and
Index (HDI) Expectancy (health), literacy rate/ school Wealth, social
enrolment (education) and GNI (wealth)
3. Limitations of economic and social measures.
• The measures can be misleading when used on their own because they’re averages – they don’t show up elite
groups in the population or variations within the county.
• There is a variation in levels of development between regions.
• Data can be unreliable due to misreporting or it not being available or difficulties accessing very remote areas.
• Data can be out of date.
• As a country develops, some aspects develop before others.
• Corrupt governments may distort available data.
