1
NURS 110 FINAL EXAM & NURS110 – INTRODUCTION TO
PROFESSIONAL NURSING COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE EXAM
WITH QS AND ANS 2026-28 LATEST VERSION
What are the major cations in body fluid?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen
What are the major anions in body fluid?
Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and proteinate ions
What are the major electrolytes in the ICF
Potassium and phosphate
What does normal fluids through capillary wall into the tissues depend on?
hydrostatic pressure
Whats Osmosis?
The movement of water caused by a concentration gradient
,2
Whats tonicity?
The ability of all solutes to drive an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from
one compartment to another.
Whats Diffusion?
Natural way of substances moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Whats filtration?
Movement of water and solute from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low
hydrostatic pressure
Whats the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Located in the cell membrane, moves sodium from cell and into ECF(extracellular fluid), Pumps
potassium into cell
Whats Hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to force of gravity ex: pressure exhorted by fluid
on the walls of the blood vessels by heart
Whats the normal range of Potassium?
,3
3.5 to 5
Whats the normal BUN level?
10 to 20 mg/dl
-decreases when renal function decreases,
-GI bleeding,
-dehydration, i
-ncrease in fever, sepsis.
Whats the normal creatinine level?
0.7 to 1.4 mg/dl which increase when renal function decrease
Whats Hematocrit?
Measures % of RBC in whole blood Increases by dehydration and polythemia, Decrease by over-
hydration and anemia
Hypovolemia
-Loss of water and electrolytes, decrease serum sodium
-Loss of ECF volume exceeds intake of fluid
-Examples: Diabetes Insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, osmosis diuresis, hemmorrhage, coma,
liver damage, COPD
, 4
-Nursing Management: give Lactated Ringers Isotonic solution per order
Clinical manifestations for Hypovolemia
-Acute weight loss
-decrease skin turgor
-Oliguria(urinary output below 400ml)
-Weak rapid heart beat
-Increase heart rate
-Flat neck veins
Nursing Management for Hypovolemia
-Oral route of fluid if no severe
-IV route of fluid if sever(Isotonic solution, Lactated Ringers solution, 0.9% sodium chloride)
Whats the best way to assess for Turgor?
-Looking for cracks on the tongue
A Nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus how to check blood
glucose levels. Whats an appropriate way to transfer the patients blood to the reagent portion of
the test strip/monitor?
-Hold the strip next to the blood on the patients finger tips.
NURS 110 FINAL EXAM & NURS110 – INTRODUCTION TO
PROFESSIONAL NURSING COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE EXAM
WITH QS AND ANS 2026-28 LATEST VERSION
What are the major cations in body fluid?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen
What are the major anions in body fluid?
Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and proteinate ions
What are the major electrolytes in the ICF
Potassium and phosphate
What does normal fluids through capillary wall into the tissues depend on?
hydrostatic pressure
Whats Osmosis?
The movement of water caused by a concentration gradient
,2
Whats tonicity?
The ability of all solutes to drive an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from
one compartment to another.
Whats Diffusion?
Natural way of substances moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Whats filtration?
Movement of water and solute from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low
hydrostatic pressure
Whats the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Located in the cell membrane, moves sodium from cell and into ECF(extracellular fluid), Pumps
potassium into cell
Whats Hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to force of gravity ex: pressure exhorted by fluid
on the walls of the blood vessels by heart
Whats the normal range of Potassium?
,3
3.5 to 5
Whats the normal BUN level?
10 to 20 mg/dl
-decreases when renal function decreases,
-GI bleeding,
-dehydration, i
-ncrease in fever, sepsis.
Whats the normal creatinine level?
0.7 to 1.4 mg/dl which increase when renal function decrease
Whats Hematocrit?
Measures % of RBC in whole blood Increases by dehydration and polythemia, Decrease by over-
hydration and anemia
Hypovolemia
-Loss of water and electrolytes, decrease serum sodium
-Loss of ECF volume exceeds intake of fluid
-Examples: Diabetes Insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, osmosis diuresis, hemmorrhage, coma,
liver damage, COPD
, 4
-Nursing Management: give Lactated Ringers Isotonic solution per order
Clinical manifestations for Hypovolemia
-Acute weight loss
-decrease skin turgor
-Oliguria(urinary output below 400ml)
-Weak rapid heart beat
-Increase heart rate
-Flat neck veins
Nursing Management for Hypovolemia
-Oral route of fluid if no severe
-IV route of fluid if sever(Isotonic solution, Lactated Ringers solution, 0.9% sodium chloride)
Whats the best way to assess for Turgor?
-Looking for cracks on the tongue
A Nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus how to check blood
glucose levels. Whats an appropriate way to transfer the patients blood to the reagent portion of
the test strip/monitor?
-Hold the strip next to the blood on the patients finger tips.
