PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Explain how the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial
blood pressure of the rest of the body - CORRECT ANSWER- The renal
autoregulatory system causes the efferent arteriole to constrict leading to an increased
resistance to outflow from the glomeruli with a subsequent increase in glomerular
pressure and the GFR. When the afferent arteriole constricts there is a reduction in
renal blood flow, glomerular pressure, and the GFR.
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to
vomiting. The following are the results of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm,
and HCO3 - = 33 mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base disorder are
they experiencing? Is compensation occurring? Describe a treatment intervention for
this disorder. Normal values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3 -
= 22-26 mEq/L. - CORRECT ANSWER- Metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory
compensation because the PCO2 levels fall within normal range. Treatment is fluid
replacement with normal saline solution
Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances. True
or False
Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- False
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. True or False
Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- True
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply
Exam 1
1) It is involved in cellular respiration
2) They are found far from the site of energy consumption
3) They play a role in apoptosis
4) They control free radicals - CORRECT ANSWER- It is involved in cellular
respiration
They play a role in apoptosis
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply
Exam 1
1) Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
2 )The main structural component is made of proteins
3) Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
4) Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER-
Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis
, Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly
reduced to an area. The area is dehydrated and becomes dark or black in color.
Commonly seen in patients with diabetes. It is not very painful, but tissues eventually
die.
Wet gangrene is caused by a sudden reduction in blood flow. The area is cold and
swollen, with no pulse. This can occur from trauma. Bacteria is involved and is very
painful. It has the appearance of pus, because it looks wet. There is also a foul smell
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types. True or False
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- False Answer: cell differentiation
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. True
or False
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- False, Answer: cell proliferation
What are two important properties that stem cells possess
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- Potency and self-renewal
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that
they have lost their ability to divide
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- progenitor or parent cells
is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as
other distant sites
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- chemotherapy
The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known
as
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-
There are about 80 autoimmune disorders identified, with many overlapping
presentations. Blood tests can be more generic and results are imprecise. Markers can
be elevated in the presecence of other diseases
The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-
antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection
True or False
Ezam 3 - CORRECT ANSWER- False
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection
Exam 3
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
4) Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Lymphocytes
A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the
emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present
with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3)
What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis
should always carry?
Exam 3 - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) Shortness of breath, skin redness/hives, GI
discomfort such as cramping, nausea.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Explain how the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial
blood pressure of the rest of the body - CORRECT ANSWER- The renal
autoregulatory system causes the efferent arteriole to constrict leading to an increased
resistance to outflow from the glomeruli with a subsequent increase in glomerular
pressure and the GFR. When the afferent arteriole constricts there is a reduction in
renal blood flow, glomerular pressure, and the GFR.
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to
vomiting. The following are the results of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm,
and HCO3 - = 33 mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base disorder are
they experiencing? Is compensation occurring? Describe a treatment intervention for
this disorder. Normal values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3 -
= 22-26 mEq/L. - CORRECT ANSWER- Metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory
compensation because the PCO2 levels fall within normal range. Treatment is fluid
replacement with normal saline solution
Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances. True
or False
Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- False
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. True or False
Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- True
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply
Exam 1
1) It is involved in cellular respiration
2) They are found far from the site of energy consumption
3) They play a role in apoptosis
4) They control free radicals - CORRECT ANSWER- It is involved in cellular
respiration
They play a role in apoptosis
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply
Exam 1
1) Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
2 )The main structural component is made of proteins
3) Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
4) Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER-
Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis
, Exam 1 - CORRECT ANSWER- Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly
reduced to an area. The area is dehydrated and becomes dark or black in color.
Commonly seen in patients with diabetes. It is not very painful, but tissues eventually
die.
Wet gangrene is caused by a sudden reduction in blood flow. The area is cold and
swollen, with no pulse. This can occur from trauma. Bacteria is involved and is very
painful. It has the appearance of pus, because it looks wet. There is also a foul smell
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell
types. True or False
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- False Answer: cell differentiation
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. True
or False
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- False, Answer: cell proliferation
What are two important properties that stem cells possess
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- Potency and self-renewal
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that
they have lost their ability to divide
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- progenitor or parent cells
is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as
other distant sites
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- chemotherapy
The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known
as
Exam 2 - CORRECT ANSWER- cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-
There are about 80 autoimmune disorders identified, with many overlapping
presentations. Blood tests can be more generic and results are imprecise. Markers can
be elevated in the presecence of other diseases
The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-
antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection
True or False
Ezam 3 - CORRECT ANSWER- False
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection
Exam 3
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
4) Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Lymphocytes
A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the
emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present
with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3)
What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis
should always carry?
Exam 3 - CORRECT ANSWER- 1) Shortness of breath, skin redness/hives, GI
discomfort such as cramping, nausea.
