ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I FINAL
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Efferent Sensory Receptors. Answer: from CNS out to effector
organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to
effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a
synapse.
◉ Sympathetic. Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy.
"Fight or flight"
◉ Parasympathetic. Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves
energy. "Rest and Digest".
◉ Autonomic Tone. Answer: The constant balance between the two
branches (sympathetic and para-)
◉ Sympathetic Division. Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia -
serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below
the diaphragm.
,◉ Divergent effect. Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has
many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
◉ Cholinergic receptors. Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases
ACH. Has 3 synapses.
◉ Adrenergic. Answer: Sympathetic, always releases
Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
◉ Nicotinic. Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always
cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
◉ Muscarinic. Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic-
parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
◉ Alpha 1 and Beta 1. Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles,
increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
◉ Alpha 2 and Beta 2. Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of
muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, ◉ Beta 1. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
◉ Beta 2. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and
skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
◉ Beta 3. Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for
burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
◉ Exocrine gland. Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto
body cavities and outside of the body.
◉ Endocrine gland. Answer: Gland that is ductless.
◉ Paracrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on near-by cells without
getting into the blood stream.
◉ Autocrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on the same cell that
secreted it.
◉ Hypothalamus. Answer: Produces releasing or inhibiting factors
that travel via blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and
Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Efferent Sensory Receptors. Answer: from CNS out to effector
organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to
effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a
synapse.
◉ Sympathetic. Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy.
"Fight or flight"
◉ Parasympathetic. Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves
energy. "Rest and Digest".
◉ Autonomic Tone. Answer: The constant balance between the two
branches (sympathetic and para-)
◉ Sympathetic Division. Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia -
serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below
the diaphragm.
,◉ Divergent effect. Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has
many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
◉ Cholinergic receptors. Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases
ACH. Has 3 synapses.
◉ Adrenergic. Answer: Sympathetic, always releases
Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
◉ Nicotinic. Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always
cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
◉ Muscarinic. Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic-
parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
◉ Alpha 1 and Beta 1. Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles,
increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
◉ Alpha 2 and Beta 2. Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of
muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, ◉ Beta 1. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
◉ Beta 2. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and
skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
◉ Beta 3. Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for
burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
◉ Exocrine gland. Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto
body cavities and outside of the body.
◉ Endocrine gland. Answer: Gland that is ductless.
◉ Paracrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on near-by cells without
getting into the blood stream.
◉ Autocrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on the same cell that
secreted it.
◉ Hypothalamus. Answer: Produces releasing or inhibiting factors
that travel via blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and
Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
