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Samenvatting Longen 2

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Samenvatting van alle lessen van het vak Longen 2. Gemaakt aan de hand van de lessen, powerpoints en eigen notities.

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LONGEN 2
Epidemiologie van longziekten ...................................................................................................... 6
Pulmonale terminologie .................................................................................................................... 6
Data verzameling .............................................................................................................................. 6
Astma .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Leerdoelen ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Epidemiologie ................................................................................................................................... 7
Definitie ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................. 7
Diagnose .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Klinische subtypes .......................................................................................................................... 12
Behandeling van astma ................................................................................................................... 13
Managing astma exacerbaties ......................................................................................................... 20
Conclusies ..................................................................................................................................... 20
COPD .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Definitie en epidemiologie ............................................................................................................... 22
Pathofysiologie ............................................................................................................................... 23
Diagnostiek..................................................................................................................................... 25
Behandelingsstrategieën ................................................................................................................. 28
Ernstige COPD ................................................................................................................................ 32
Management................................................................................................................................... 32
COPD exacerbaties ......................................................................................................................... 34
Farmacotherapie astma en COPD ................................................................................................ 37
Overzicht inhalatiemedicatie ........................................................................................................... 37
Inhalatiedevices.............................................................................................................................. 37
Klasses inhalatiemedicatie .............................................................................................................. 40
Interstitiële longziekten ............................................................................................................... 44
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Anatomie en definitie ...................................................................................................................... 44
Pathogenese ................................................................................................................................... 45
Classificatie van ILDs ...................................................................................................................... 47
Diagnostiek..................................................................................................................................... 48
Behandeling.................................................................................................................................... 54
Prognose ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Acute exacerbaties van ILD.............................................................................................................. 55




1

, Idiopathische pulmonale fibrose (IPF) .............................................................................................. 55
Progressieve pulmonale fibrose (PPF) .............................................................................................. 58
Sarcoïdose ..................................................................................................................................... 59
Conclusies ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Pleurale aandoeningen ................................................................................................................ 64
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Normale pleura ............................................................................................................................... 64
Pleurale effusie ............................................................................................................................... 65
Maligne effusie................................................................................................................................ 70
Pneumothorax ................................................................................................................................ 73
Rookstop .................................................................................................................................... 77
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................... 77
Rookverslaving................................................................................................................................ 77
Gedragspsychologische aspecten ................................................................................................... 78
Rookstop ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Minimale interventie ........................................................................................................................ 84
Basisboodschappen “Vlaams platform tegen Tabak” ....................................................................... 86
In de praktijk ................................................................................................................................... 87
Beeldvorming van de thorax ......................................................................................................... 88
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................... 88
Interpretatie CT thorax..................................................................................................................... 88
Belangrijke termen .......................................................................................................................... 91
Casuïstiek thoracale beeldvorming .............................................................................................. 93
Een patiënt met een mediastinale massa ......................................................................................... 93
Een patiënt met vergrote lymfeklieren .............................................................................................. 94
Patiënt met longnodule ................................................................................................................... 95
Slaapgerelateerde ademhalingsstoornissen................................................................................. 97
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................................... 97
Definities: OSAS .............................................................................................................................. 97
Cardiovasculaire risicofactor = OSA(S) ............................................................................................. 97
Behandeling.................................................................................................................................... 98
Consequenties van OSA .................................................................................................................. 99
Conclusies ................................................................................................................................... 100
Longfunctie ............................................................................................................................... 101
Helium-inwas ............................................................................................................................... 101
Bodyplethysmografie .................................................................................................................... 101
Diffusiemeting .............................................................................................................................. 102




2

,Thoraxoncologie – longkanker .................................................................................................... 103
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 103
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................ 103
Epidemiologie ............................................................................................................................... 103
Oorzaak ........................................................................................................................................ 104
Prognose ...................................................................................................................................... 104
Diagnostiek................................................................................................................................... 104
Screening ..................................................................................................................................... 107
Thoraxoncologie – pathologie ..................................................................................................... 109
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 109
Histologische classificatie van longtumoren .................................................................................. 109
Predictieve biomarkers bij NSCLC.................................................................................................. 114
Tumoren van de pleura .................................................................................................................. 115
Tumoren van het mediastinum ...................................................................................................... 116
Stadiëring van longkanker .......................................................................................................... 117
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 117
Lymfeknoop mapping .................................................................................................................... 117
VATS ............................................................................................................................................. 119
TNM classificatie ....................................................................................................................... 120
Thoraxoncologie – stadiëren + behandeling ................................................................................ 121
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 121
Stadiëring ..................................................................................................................................... 121
Behandeling (NSCLC) .................................................................................................................... 122
SCLC ............................................................................................................................................ 124
Thoraxoncologie – radiotherapie ................................................................................................ 125
Werking ........................................................................................................................................ 125
Curatief ........................................................................................................................................ 127
Radiotherapie bij longkanker ......................................................................................................... 127
Palliatief ....................................................................................................................................... 129
Thoraxoncologie – MOC ............................................................................................................. 131
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 131
Wat is MOC? ................................................................................................................................. 131
Conclusies ................................................................................................................................... 131
Oncologische thoraxchirurgie .................................................................................................... 132
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 132
Long ............................................................................................................................................. 132
Mediastinum................................................................................................................................. 135




3

, Mesothelioom ............................................................................................................................... 135
Endoscopie ............................................................................................................................... 136
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 136
Bronchoscopie ............................................................................................................................. 136
Thoraxtrauma en thoraxwand chirurgie ...................................................................................... 137
Pectus .......................................................................................................................................... 137
Tumoren ....................................................................................................................................... 137
Trauma ......................................................................................................................................... 137
Chronisch respiratoir falen ........................................................................................................ 139
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 139
Respiratoire insufficiëntie .............................................................................................................. 139
Behandeling: zuurstoftherapie ....................................................................................................... 143
Behandeling: beademing ............................................................................................................... 146
Conclusies ................................................................................................................................... 148
Acuut respiratoir falen ............................................................................................................... 149
ARDS/acute longbeschadiging ....................................................................................................... 149
COVID-19 ..................................................................................................................................... 152
Infecties van de longen en luchtwegen ....................................................................................... 154
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 154
Algemeen onderste luchtweginfecties............................................................................................ 154
Acute bronchitis............................................................................................................................ 154
Pneumonie ................................................................................................................................... 155
Tuberculose (TB) ........................................................................................................................ 173
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 173
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................ 173
Pathogenese ................................................................................................................................. 174
Actieve TB: klinische presentatie.................................................................................................... 175
Diagnose van TB ............................................................................................................................ 180
Behandeling actieve TB ................................................................................................................. 183
Behandeling LTBI .......................................................................................................................... 185
Preventie van TB............................................................................................................................ 186
Respiratoire kinesitherapie ........................................................................................................ 187
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 187
Voorschrijven ................................................................................................................................ 187
Kinesitherapie bij respiratoire problemen ....................................................................................... 188
Aanpak van sputumimpactie ......................................................................................................... 189
Aanpak van dyspnoe ..................................................................................................................... 191




4

, Perioperatieve aanpak ................................................................................................................... 194
Niet-oncologische thoraxchirurgie ............................................................................................. 195
Pneumothorax en rol van VATS ...................................................................................................... 195
VATS voor andere pleurale aandoeningen....................................................................................... 196
Empyeem ..................................................................................................................................... 196
Trombo-embolische ziekte ........................................................................................................ 199
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................................... 199
Algemeen ..................................................................................................................................... 199
Diagnostiek................................................................................................................................... 203
Behandeling.................................................................................................................................. 206
Pathologie van niet-neoplastische aandoeningen ....................................................................... 211
Niet-neoplastische longziekte ....................................................................................................... 211
Patronen van inflammatie.............................................................................................................. 211
Respiratoire infecties .................................................................................................................... 213
Obstructieve luchtwegziekte ......................................................................................................... 214
Interstitiële longziekte (ILD) ........................................................................................................... 216




5

,Epidemiologie van longziekten


Pulmonale terminologie
- CARA: chronische aspecifieke respiratoire aandoeningen
o Verzamelnaam voor COPD, astma, longemfyseem
o Term niet meer in gebruik
- Astma
- COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
o Chronische bronchitis (= klacht, geen diagnose)
o Emfyseem (destructie van longblaasjes)
- Bronchiectasieën (= verbrede luchtwegen)
o CF: cystische fibrose
o Non-CF bronchiectasis
o Derde vorm: tractie bronchiectasieën (bij fibrose/littekenvorming)
- Tuberculose: ook TBC of TB
- Interstitiële longaandoeningen: intestitial lung disease (ILD)


Data verzameling
- Data
o WHO
o European centre for disease prevention and control
- Sinds 2021: Belgian lung foundation
o Promoot long gezondheid
o Verbeter respiratoire zorg
- Grote burden van respiratoire ziektes
o Een groot deel is te voorkomen!
- Respiratoire mortaliteit in Europa
o 600 000 mensen sterven elk jaar door respiratoire ziekte
o 1/8 sterftes in EU zijn door respiratoire ziektes
- Mortaliteit
o 15% door respiratoire oorzaken
o 1/5 sterftes wereldwijd
o 1/10 sterftes in EU
- Roken en respiratoire infectie
o = majeure oorzaken van de burden van longziekte in Europa
- DALYs (disability-adjusted life years)
o Veel DALYs voor respiratoire aandoeningen
- Risicofactoren die bijdragen aan ziektelast:
o Roken → zeer belangrijke risicofactor voor longaandoeningen
§ 25x hoger risico op longkanker
§ 2x hoger risico op longinfecties
§ 27x hoger risico op COPD
o Omgevingspollutie
o Huishoudpollutie
ð Brengen allemaal hoge (te voorkomen door preventiemaatregelen) kosten met zich mee




6

, Astma


Leerdoelen
- Kent de prevalentie en de definitie van astma
- Kan de pathobiologie van astma inzichtelijk maken in lekentaal
- Weet hoe de diagnose gesteld kan worden
- Kan de verschilpunten tss astma en COPD benoemen
- Herkent de verschillende fenotypes van astma
- Kan de risico’s van astma benoemen en hoe ze te voorkomen
- Kent het verschil tss het gebruik van controller en reliever drugs
- Kent het stappenplan van de farmacotherapie
- Kent de principes van de niet-medicamenteuse opvolging en coaching
- Kent de indicaties voor step up en step down van medicatie


Epidemiologie
- Prevalentie
o Veelvoorkomende aandoening
o 2/3 remissie tijdens tienerjaren, waarvan 1/3 recurrentie tijdens adolescentie
o V>M
o Misdiagnose met COPD bij >45j
o Hoge kost indien ongecontroleerde astma


Definitie
- Astma is gedefinieerd als:
o Respiratoire symptomen: wheezing (expiratoir piepen), dyspnoe, beklemmend gevoel op
de borst
o Symptomen zijn variabel in tijd en intensiteit
o Variabele expiratoire airflow limitatie
- Astma is een heterogene aandoening, gekarakteriseerd door chronische luchtweginflammatie


Pathofysiologie
- Astmatische long
o Spier tightens
o Gezwollen lining
o Excess mucus (niet heel typisch, vaker droge hoest dan productieve hoest)
- Symptomen
o Dyspnoe
o Beklemmend gevoel op de borst
o Wheezing
o Persistente of verergerende hoest


Histologie
- Astma
o Mucus plug met ‘trapped’ inflammatoire cellen
o Goblet cel metaplasie
o Inflammatoire celinfiltraat in submucosale laag
o Verdikt basaalmembraan




7

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