NURS 231/ BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2 VERSION EXAM) MODULE 5 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ | Guaranteed Pass – PORTAGE LEARNING.

NURS 231/ BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2 VERSION EXAM) MODULE 5 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ | Guaranteed Pass – PORTAGE LEARNING. Question 1 Expiration is an active process, whereas inspiration is largely passive. Answer: False Verified Explanation: Inspiration is primarily an active process requiring contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to expand the thoracic cavity, lowering intrathoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs. Expiration, at rest, is typically passive and occurs due to elastic recoil of the lungs and relaxation of inspiratory muscles. Expiratory muscles (e.g., internal intercostals, abdominal muscles) are recruited to actively force air out only during forced expiration, such as during vigorous exercise or certain pathological states. --- ### Question 2 Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind with hemoglobin. Answer: True Verified Explanation: Hemoglobin, the primary oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, binds oxygen (O₂) at its heme group; it also binds carbon dioxide (CO₂) at a separate site—the globin chains—forming carbaminohemoglobin. While O₂ binds reversibly for transport from lungs to tissues, CO₂ binding facilitates its removal from tissues to lungs for exhalation. --- ### Question 3 The rate of perfusion must exceed the rate of ventilation in order to ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood. Answer: False Verified Explanation: Optimal gas exchange requires a balance between alveolar ventilation (airflow, V) and pulmonary perfusion (blood flow, Q), known as the V/Q ratio. Adequate oxygenation is achieved when ventilation and perfusion are well matched, ideally at a ratio of about 0.8. Excess perfusion relative to ventilation (V/Q <1) leads to hypoxemia due to poorly oxygenated blood, whereas excess ventilation over perfusion (V/Q >1) causes wasted ventilation. --- --- ### Question 5 Exercise, allergens, and emotion can all contribute to an asthma attack. Answer: True Verified Explanation: Asthma is a hyperresponsive airway disorder wherein triggers such as physical exertion (exercise-induced), inhaled allergens (allergic asthma), and psychological factors (stress or strong emotion) can provoke bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and symptom exacerbation in susceptible individuals. --- ### Question 6 Nearly all pulmonary emboli are thrombi arising from deep vein thrombosis in the upper and lower extremities. Answer: False Verified Explanation: The majority of clinically significant pulmonary emboli are embolized thrombi from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) originating in the lower extremities, particularly the femoral, iliac, or popliteal veins. DVT in the upper extremities is a much less common source of PE. ### Question 4 Because of its strategic location, the larynx can be characterized as the "watchdog of the lungs." Answer: True Verified Explanation: The larynx is anatomically situated at the opening to the lower respiratory tract and serves as a critical defense mechanism against aspiration. Its reflex closure during swallowing protects the airway; its sensitivity to irritants evokes coughing, thus “watchdog” metaphorically underscores its role in airway protection. ### Question 7 Hypoventilation is associated with decreased PCO₂. Answer: False Verified Explanation: Hypoventilation decreases the removal of CO₂ via the lungs, resulting in increased arterial PCO₂ (hypercapnia), not decreased. Elevated PCO₂ can lead to respiratory acidosis unless compensated by the kidneys. --- ### Question 8 Even after forced expiration, a significant amount of air remains in the lungs. Answer: True Verified Explanation: After maximal (forced) expiration, a volume of air—termed residual volume (RV)— remains in the lungs. This prevents lung collapse and maintains alveolar inflation, ensuring continuous gas exchange between breaths. --- ### Question 10 [Atopy] is the genetic tendency for developing IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in response to environmental allergens. Answer: Atopy Verified Explanation: Atopy is a hereditary predisposition to develop Type I hypersensitivity responses (IgEmediated), underlying conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and eczema. --- ### Question 11 Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is increased by [increased pH]. Answer: Increased pH Verified Explanation: An increase in blood pH (alkalosis) raises hemoglobin’s affinity for O₂ (the Bohr effect), enhancing O₂ uptake in the lungs but potentially hindering O₂ release at the tissues. Conversely, decreased pH (acidosis) lowers O₂ affinity, facilitating greater tissue delivery.