PN 4003 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATED 2026/2027 | GRADED
A+ | GUARANTEED PASS.
Male Infertility - ANSWER Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected
intercourse.
Sperm Issues - ANSWER Low sperm count, poor motility, abnormal
morphology.
Hormonal Imbalance - ANSWER Hormonal dysfunction can affect sperm
production.
Obstruction - ANSWER Blockages in sperm passage (e.g., from congenital
conditions or injury).
Physical or Genetic Disorders - ANSWER Pituitary gland issues, testicular
disorders.
Non-infectious Causes of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Often from
long-term catheter use or procedures like prostatectomy.
Symptoms of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Pain and swelling in the
scrotum and inguinal area.
Treatment for Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Bed rest, analgesics, anti-
inflammatory drugs, scrotal elevation, and cold applications.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - ANSWER Non-cancerous enlargement
of the prostate gland common in older men.
Pathophysiology of BPH - ANSWER Prostate cells proliferate, forming
nodules around the urethra, leading to obstruction of urine flow.
,Symptoms of BPH - ANSWER Difficulty urinating (hesitancy, dribbling, weak
stream), frequent urination, nocturia, and recurrent urinary tract infections.
Diagnosis of BPH - ANSWER Rectal exam and symptoms.
Treatment for BPH - ANSWER Medication (e.g., Flomax) or surgery if
obstruction is severe.
Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Adenocarcinoma, typically androgen-dependent,
often diagnosed at later stages.
Stages of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Stage 1: Small, non-palpable. Stage 2:
Confined to the prostate. Stage 3: Spread beyond the prostate. Stage 4: Distant
metastases.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Hard nodule detected via rectal
exam, urinary obstruction.
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER PSA (Prostate-specific Antigen),
biopsy, and imaging.
Diagnosis of Male Infertility - ANSWER Semen analysis (checking sperm
count, motility, morphology).
Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the testicles (orchitis)
and epididymis (epididymitis), often occurring together.
Infectious Causes of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Usually from
systemic infections (e.g., mumps virus).
Treatment for Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Surgery (prostatectomy), radiation,
hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
Female Infertility - ANSWER Causes include hormonal imbalances, structural
abnormalities, sperm access issues, and lifestyle factors.
Endometriosis - ANSWER Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus,
responding to menstrual cycle hormones.
,Symptoms of Endometriosis - ANSWER Dysmenorrhea (painful
menstruation), painful intercourse, infertility, 'chocolate cysts'.
Diagnosis of Endometriosis - ANSWER Confirmed via laparoscopy.
Symptoms of PID - ANSWER Lower abdominal pain, fever, abnormal
discharge, dysuria, and potential infertility.
Treatment for PID - ANSWER Antibiotics (Cefoxitin, Doxycycline), partner
treatment.
Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Types include follicular and corpus luteal cysts.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Pain, menstrual irregularities, urinary
retention, risk of rupture.
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Ultrasound or laparoscopy.
Treatment for Endometriosis - ANSWER Hormonal therapy, surgery, or
pregnancy and lactation as natural treatments.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - ANSWER Infection of the reproductive
organs, often starting in the cervix and spreading to the uterus, fallopian tubes,
and ovaries.
Causes of PID - ANSWER Typically sexually transmitted infections
(gonorrhea, chlamydia), IUDs, or post-surgical infections.
Treatment for Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Observation or surgical removal if
necessary.
Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) - ANSWER Non-cancerous tumors of the
uterus, most common in women over 30.
Symptoms of Uterine Leiomyomas - ANSWER Heavy menstrual bleeding
(menorrhagia), pelvic pressure, constipation.
, Treatment for Uterine Leiomyomas - ANSWER Dilation and curettage (D&C),
myomectomy, hysterectomy.
Ovarian Cancer - ANSWER Often diagnosed late; causes pelvic pain, bloating,
and gastrointestinal issues.
Cervical Cancer - ANSWER Linked to HPV, may present with abnormal
bleeding and pain. Early detection through Pap smears is key.
Uterine Cancer - ANSWER Most common in postmenopausal women, often
presents as abnormal bleeding.
Treatment for uterine cancer - ANSWER Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, hormonal therapy depending on the cancer type and stage.
Breast Disease - ANSWER Types include fibrocystic breast disease (cysts or
lumps), breast cancer.
Symptoms of Breast Disease - ANSWER Painful, tender breasts, changes in
lump size with menstrual cycle.
Diagnosis of Breast Disease - ANSWER Mammography, ultrasound, biopsy.
Kidneys - ANSWER Filter waste from the blood, regulate fluid balance,
electrolytes, and blood pressure. They also produce erythropoietin (stimulates
red blood cell production).
Nephrons - ANSWER Each kidney contains millions of nephrons responsible
for filtering blood and producing urine.
Ureters - ANSWER Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the
bladder.
Bladder - ANSWER Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted. Normal
bladder capacity is about 400-600 mL.
ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATED 2026/2027 | GRADED
A+ | GUARANTEED PASS.
Male Infertility - ANSWER Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected
intercourse.
Sperm Issues - ANSWER Low sperm count, poor motility, abnormal
morphology.
Hormonal Imbalance - ANSWER Hormonal dysfunction can affect sperm
production.
Obstruction - ANSWER Blockages in sperm passage (e.g., from congenital
conditions or injury).
Physical or Genetic Disorders - ANSWER Pituitary gland issues, testicular
disorders.
Non-infectious Causes of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Often from
long-term catheter use or procedures like prostatectomy.
Symptoms of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Pain and swelling in the
scrotum and inguinal area.
Treatment for Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Bed rest, analgesics, anti-
inflammatory drugs, scrotal elevation, and cold applications.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - ANSWER Non-cancerous enlargement
of the prostate gland common in older men.
Pathophysiology of BPH - ANSWER Prostate cells proliferate, forming
nodules around the urethra, leading to obstruction of urine flow.
,Symptoms of BPH - ANSWER Difficulty urinating (hesitancy, dribbling, weak
stream), frequent urination, nocturia, and recurrent urinary tract infections.
Diagnosis of BPH - ANSWER Rectal exam and symptoms.
Treatment for BPH - ANSWER Medication (e.g., Flomax) or surgery if
obstruction is severe.
Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Adenocarcinoma, typically androgen-dependent,
often diagnosed at later stages.
Stages of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Stage 1: Small, non-palpable. Stage 2:
Confined to the prostate. Stage 3: Spread beyond the prostate. Stage 4: Distant
metastases.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Hard nodule detected via rectal
exam, urinary obstruction.
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer - ANSWER PSA (Prostate-specific Antigen),
biopsy, and imaging.
Diagnosis of Male Infertility - ANSWER Semen analysis (checking sperm
count, motility, morphology).
Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the testicles (orchitis)
and epididymis (epididymitis), often occurring together.
Infectious Causes of Orchitis and Epididymitis - ANSWER Usually from
systemic infections (e.g., mumps virus).
Treatment for Prostate Cancer - ANSWER Surgery (prostatectomy), radiation,
hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
Female Infertility - ANSWER Causes include hormonal imbalances, structural
abnormalities, sperm access issues, and lifestyle factors.
Endometriosis - ANSWER Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus,
responding to menstrual cycle hormones.
,Symptoms of Endometriosis - ANSWER Dysmenorrhea (painful
menstruation), painful intercourse, infertility, 'chocolate cysts'.
Diagnosis of Endometriosis - ANSWER Confirmed via laparoscopy.
Symptoms of PID - ANSWER Lower abdominal pain, fever, abnormal
discharge, dysuria, and potential infertility.
Treatment for PID - ANSWER Antibiotics (Cefoxitin, Doxycycline), partner
treatment.
Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Types include follicular and corpus luteal cysts.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Pain, menstrual irregularities, urinary
retention, risk of rupture.
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Ultrasound or laparoscopy.
Treatment for Endometriosis - ANSWER Hormonal therapy, surgery, or
pregnancy and lactation as natural treatments.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - ANSWER Infection of the reproductive
organs, often starting in the cervix and spreading to the uterus, fallopian tubes,
and ovaries.
Causes of PID - ANSWER Typically sexually transmitted infections
(gonorrhea, chlamydia), IUDs, or post-surgical infections.
Treatment for Ovarian Cysts - ANSWER Observation or surgical removal if
necessary.
Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) - ANSWER Non-cancerous tumors of the
uterus, most common in women over 30.
Symptoms of Uterine Leiomyomas - ANSWER Heavy menstrual bleeding
(menorrhagia), pelvic pressure, constipation.
, Treatment for Uterine Leiomyomas - ANSWER Dilation and curettage (D&C),
myomectomy, hysterectomy.
Ovarian Cancer - ANSWER Often diagnosed late; causes pelvic pain, bloating,
and gastrointestinal issues.
Cervical Cancer - ANSWER Linked to HPV, may present with abnormal
bleeding and pain. Early detection through Pap smears is key.
Uterine Cancer - ANSWER Most common in postmenopausal women, often
presents as abnormal bleeding.
Treatment for uterine cancer - ANSWER Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, hormonal therapy depending on the cancer type and stage.
Breast Disease - ANSWER Types include fibrocystic breast disease (cysts or
lumps), breast cancer.
Symptoms of Breast Disease - ANSWER Painful, tender breasts, changes in
lump size with menstrual cycle.
Diagnosis of Breast Disease - ANSWER Mammography, ultrasound, biopsy.
Kidneys - ANSWER Filter waste from the blood, regulate fluid balance,
electrolytes, and blood pressure. They also produce erythropoietin (stimulates
red blood cell production).
Nephrons - ANSWER Each kidney contains millions of nephrons responsible
for filtering blood and producing urine.
Ureters - ANSWER Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the
bladder.
Bladder - ANSWER Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted. Normal
bladder capacity is about 400-600 mL.
