,Table of Content
m m
Chapterm01:mCellularmBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterm02:mGenesmandmGeneticmDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
Chapterm03:mEpigeneticsmandmDisease........................................................................................................................ 23
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterm04:mAlteredmCellularmandmTissuemBiology .................................................................................................... 27
Huetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiology,m6thmEdition ....................................................................... 39
Chapterm06:mInnatemImmunity:mInflammationmandmWoundmHealingmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophy
siology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterm07:mAdaptivemImmunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
Chapterm08:mInfectionmandmDefectsminmMechanismsmofmDefensemHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysio
logy,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterm09:mStressmandmDisease ................................................................................................................................ 76
Chapterm10:mBiology,mClinicalmManifestations,mandmTreatmentmofmCancermHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPa
thophysiology,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterm11:mCancermEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
Chapterm12:mCancerminmChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
Chapterm13:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmtheNeurologicmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
Chapterm14:mPain,mTemperature,mSleep,mandmSensorymFunctionmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterm15:mAlterationsminmCognitivemSystems,mCerebralmHemodynamics,mandmMotormFunction .......................... 116
Chapterm16:mDisordersmofmtheCentralmandmPeripheralmNervousmSystemsmandmtheNeuromuscularmJunction ............ 126
Chapterm17:mAlterationsmofmNeurologicmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterm18:mMechanismsmofmHormonalmRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
Chapterm19:mAlterationsmofmHormonalmRegulation .................................................................................................. 156
Chapterm20:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemHematologicmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophys
iology,m6thmEdition................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterm21:mAlterationsmofmHematologicmFunction ................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterm22:mAlterationsmofmHematologicmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 192
Chapterm23:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemCardiovascularmandmLymphaticmSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnder
standingmPathophysiology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................... 200
Chapterm24:mAlterationsmofmCardiovascularmFunction.............................................................................................. 210
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterm25:mAlterationsmofmCardiovascularmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophys
iology,m6thmEdition................................................................................................................................................... 229
SmNmTm m O..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterm26:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemPulmonarymSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysio
logy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
Chapterm27:mAlterationsmofmPulmonarymFunction .................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterm28:mAlterationsmofmPulmonarymFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterm29:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemRenalmandmUrologicmSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPa
thophysiology,m6thmEdition...................................................................................................................................... 265
Chapterm30:mAlterationsmofmRenalmandmUrinarymTractmFunctionmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
Chapterm31:mAlterationsmofmRenalmandmUrinarymTractmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingm
Pathophysiology,m6thmEdition.................................................................................................................................. 280
Chapterm32:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemReproductivemSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathoph
ysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
Chapterm33:mAlterationsmofmthemFemalemReproductivemSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterm34:mAlterationsmofmthemMalemReproductivemSystem ................................................................................... 300
Chapterm35:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemDigestivemSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterm36:mAlterationsmofmDigestivemFunction....................................................................................................... 312
Chapterm37:mAlterationsmofmDigestivemFunctionminmChildren ................................................................................... 325
Chapterm38:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemMusculoskeletalmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathop
hysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterm39:mAlterationsmofmMusculoskeletalmFunction............................................................................................ 342
Chapterm40:mAlterationsmofmMusculoskeletalmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophy
siology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 352
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterm41:mStructure,mFunction,mandmDisordersmofmthemIntegumentmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathoph
ysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterm42:mAlterationsmofmthemIntegumentminmChildren ......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
m m m
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
m m m m m m
MULTIPLEmCHOICE
1. Amstudentmismobservingmamcellmundermthemmicroscope.mItmismobservedmtomhavemsupercoiledmD
NAmwithmhistones.mWhichmofmthemfollowingmwouldmalsombemobservedmbymthemstudent?
a. Amsinglemcircularmchromosome
b. Amnucleus
c. Free-floatingmnuclearmmaterial
d. Nomorganelles
ANS:m B
Themcellmdescribedmismameukaryoticmcell,msomitmhasmhistonesmandmamsupercoiledmDNAmwithinmitsm
nucleus;mthus,mthemnucleusmshouldmbemobserved.mAmsinglemcircularmchromosomemcalledmamprok
aryotemcontainsmfree-floatingmnuclearmmaterialmbutmhasmnomorganelles.
REF:mp.m2
2. Amnursemisminstructingmthemstaffmaboutmcellularmfunctions.mWhichmcellularmfunctionmismthemnur
semdescribingmwhenmanmisolatedmcellmabsorbsmoxygenmandmusesmitmtomtransformmnutrientsmtomen
ergy?
a. Metabolicmabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:mD
Themcell’smabilitymtomabsorbmoxygenmismreferredmtomasmrespirationmwhilemitsmcommunicationmabilitymin
volvesmmaintenancemofmamsteadymdynamicmstate,mmetabolicmabsorptionmprovidesmnutrition,mandmsecre
tionmallowsmformthemsynthesizingmofmnewmsubstances.
REF:mp.m2
3. AmeukaryoticmcellmismundergoingmDNAmreplication.mInmwhichmregionmofmthemcellmwouldmmost
mofmthemgeneticminformationmbemcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusmCytoplasm
ANS:mC
Themregionmofmthemcellmthatmcontainsmgeneticmmaterial,mincludingmamlargemamountmofmribonuclei
cmacid,mmostmofmthemDNA,mandmDNA-
bindingmproteins,mismthemnucleolus,mwhichmismlocatedmwithinmthemcell’smnucleus.mMitochondriam
ismassociatedmwithmcellularmrespiration,mwhilemribosomesmareminvolvedmwithmproteinmmanufactu
ring.mCytoplasmmismamfluidmfillingmthatmismamcomponentmofmthemcell.
REF:mp.m2
m m
Chapterm01:mCellularmBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterm02:mGenesmandmGeneticmDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
Chapterm03:mEpigeneticsmandmDisease........................................................................................................................ 23
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterm04:mAlteredmCellularmandmTissuemBiology .................................................................................................... 27
Huetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiology,m6thmEdition ....................................................................... 39
Chapterm06:mInnatemImmunity:mInflammationmandmWoundmHealingmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophy
siology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterm07:mAdaptivemImmunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
Chapterm08:mInfectionmandmDefectsminmMechanismsmofmDefensemHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysio
logy,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterm09:mStressmandmDisease ................................................................................................................................ 76
Chapterm10:mBiology,mClinicalmManifestations,mandmTreatmentmofmCancermHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPa
thophysiology,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterm11:mCancermEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
Chapterm12:mCancerminmChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
Chapterm13:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmtheNeurologicmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
Chapterm14:mPain,mTemperature,mSleep,mandmSensorymFunctionmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterm15:mAlterationsminmCognitivemSystems,mCerebralmHemodynamics,mandmMotormFunction .......................... 116
Chapterm16:mDisordersmofmtheCentralmandmPeripheralmNervousmSystemsmandmtheNeuromuscularmJunction ............ 126
Chapterm17:mAlterationsmofmNeurologicmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterm18:mMechanismsmofmHormonalmRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
Chapterm19:mAlterationsmofmHormonalmRegulation .................................................................................................. 156
Chapterm20:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemHematologicmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophys
iology,m6thmEdition................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterm21:mAlterationsmofmHematologicmFunction ................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterm22:mAlterationsmofmHematologicmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 192
Chapterm23:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemCardiovascularmandmLymphaticmSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnder
standingmPathophysiology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................... 200
Chapterm24:mAlterationsmofmCardiovascularmFunction.............................................................................................. 210
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterm25:mAlterationsmofmCardiovascularmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophys
iology,m6thmEdition................................................................................................................................................... 229
SmNmTm m O..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterm26:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemPulmonarymSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysio
logy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
Chapterm27:mAlterationsmofmPulmonarymFunction .................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterm28:mAlterationsmofmPulmonarymFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterm29:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemRenalmandmUrologicmSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPa
thophysiology,m6thmEdition...................................................................................................................................... 265
Chapterm30:mAlterationsmofmRenalmandmUrinarymTractmFunctionmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiol
ogy,m6thmEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
Chapterm31:mAlterationsmofmRenalmandmUrinarymTractmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingm
Pathophysiology,m6thmEdition.................................................................................................................................. 280
Chapterm32:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemReproductivemSystemsmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathoph
ysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
Chapterm33:mAlterationsmofmthemFemalemReproductivemSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterm34:mAlterationsmofmthemMalemReproductivemSystem ................................................................................... 300
Chapterm35:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemDigestivemSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophysiolo
gy,m6thmEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterm36:mAlterationsmofmDigestivemFunction....................................................................................................... 312
Chapterm37:mAlterationsmofmDigestivemFunctionminmChildren ................................................................................... 325
Chapterm38:mStructuremandmFunctionmofmthemMusculoskeletalmSystemmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathop
hysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterm39:mAlterationsmofmMusculoskeletalmFunction............................................................................................ 342
Chapterm40:mAlterationsmofmMusculoskeletalmFunctionminmChildrenmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathophy
siology,m6thmEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 352
UmSNmT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterm41:mStructure,mFunction,mandmDisordersmofmthemIntegumentmHuetherm&mMcCance:mUnderstandingmPathoph
ysiology,m6thmEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterm42:mAlterationsmofmthemIntegumentminmChildren ......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
m m m
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
m m m m m m
MULTIPLEmCHOICE
1. Amstudentmismobservingmamcellmundermthemmicroscope.mItmismobservedmtomhavemsupercoiledmD
NAmwithmhistones.mWhichmofmthemfollowingmwouldmalsombemobservedmbymthemstudent?
a. Amsinglemcircularmchromosome
b. Amnucleus
c. Free-floatingmnuclearmmaterial
d. Nomorganelles
ANS:m B
Themcellmdescribedmismameukaryoticmcell,msomitmhasmhistonesmandmamsupercoiledmDNAmwithinmitsm
nucleus;mthus,mthemnucleusmshouldmbemobserved.mAmsinglemcircularmchromosomemcalledmamprok
aryotemcontainsmfree-floatingmnuclearmmaterialmbutmhasmnomorganelles.
REF:mp.m2
2. Amnursemisminstructingmthemstaffmaboutmcellularmfunctions.mWhichmcellularmfunctionmismthemnur
semdescribingmwhenmanmisolatedmcellmabsorbsmoxygenmandmusesmitmtomtransformmnutrientsmtomen
ergy?
a. Metabolicmabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:mD
Themcell’smabilitymtomabsorbmoxygenmismreferredmtomasmrespirationmwhilemitsmcommunicationmabilitymin
volvesmmaintenancemofmamsteadymdynamicmstate,mmetabolicmabsorptionmprovidesmnutrition,mandmsecre
tionmallowsmformthemsynthesizingmofmnewmsubstances.
REF:mp.m2
3. AmeukaryoticmcellmismundergoingmDNAmreplication.mInmwhichmregionmofmthemcellmwouldmmost
mofmthemgeneticminformationmbemcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusmCytoplasm
ANS:mC
Themregionmofmthemcellmthatmcontainsmgeneticmmaterial,mincludingmamlargemamountmofmribonuclei
cmacid,mmostmofmthemDNA,mandmDNA-
bindingmproteins,mismthemnucleolus,mwhichmismlocatedmwithinmthemcell’smnucleus.mMitochondriam
ismassociatedmwithmcellularmrespiration,mwhilemribosomesmareminvolvedmwithmproteinmmanufactu
ring.mCytoplasmmismamfluidmfillingmthatmismamcomponentmofmthemcell.
REF:mp.m2
