IMMUNOLOGY ` book, lectures and practicals
Lecture 1.2 –immunology
1. understands the importance of the immune system
Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. It is a study on cells,
tissues, organs and molecules in the recognition, inactivation, removal of and protection of
foreign (non-self) or dangerous materials. Performed on the population, animal, cell and
molecular level.
Immunology deals with:
- infections
- vaccination
- allergies
- autoimmunity
- cancer
- physiological regulation (e.g. behavior, metabolism)
- transplantation
why is the knowledge of (veterinary) immunology important?:
- animals rights; health and welfare (freedom of disease)
- lower medical costs in a healthy population
- longevity and resilience
- optimal production
- rationale behind immune modulating feed additives
- animals and man share many immune features
zoonoses: an infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
- 60-75% of the infectious diseases of humans are from animals origin
- Livestock kept near cities risk??
- Consumption of/ contact with wild/bus animals: ZIKA, SARS, CORONA
- A large part of our DNA is of viral origin (pro- viral DNA)
- There is an intricate relationship between our intestinal microbiota and the immune
system
- Risk from microbe antibiotic resistance transferred from animal to man and vice
versa
One health concept:
Is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and
optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems.
2. Can explain the concept of self/ non-self recognition
The immune system recognizes self and non- self using unique cell- surface molecules called
antigens, which act as an identification tags.
Self- antigens are the body’s own molecules, which the immune system is trained to
ignore due to lymphocytes
Non-self antigens come from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, this recognition
is mediated by innate and adaptive immune cells and receptors.
,IMMUNOLOGY ` book, lectures and practicals
Immunity is assisted with the MHC (major histocompatibility complex), in which MHC
molecules present fragments of proteins from inside a cell to T cells if the presented
fragment is a self- protein the T cells ignore it, when it is a non- self source the T cells trigger
an immune response (triggers to eliminate foreign cells by producing antibodies that bind
specifically to antigens).
- Pathogens infect and replicate at different locations.
4 principles of immunity:
1. The ability to detect and fight off infection
2. The ability to recognize a host’s own cells as
“self”, thereby protecting them from being
attacked
3. A memory from the previous foreign infections
4. the ability to limit the response after the
pathogen has been removed
overview of immune system
initial immune response: once a pathogen invades the mechanical and physical barrier. A
macrophage recognizes a pathogen, which activates the innate system. dendritic cells pick
up antigens, and track down the relevant T- and B cells to activate the specific/adaptive
system. (which activates the complement system via lectin and alternative pathways
through pathogens and a classical pathway through antibody- antigen complexes).
Another system along the innate and specific system, is the complement system; c1- c9
proteins to help the other systems. Involved results: actin as opsonins, triggering further
inflammation and directly destroying pathogens.
Innate immune system gives a direct response to infection. First response is from the
macrophages; that recognize pathogens by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Specific immune system where lymphocytes (T-and B cells) move through the lymphatic
system and blood, but spend most time in the lymph nodes and mucosa associated lymphoid
tissue.
Phagocytosis: once the pathogens is recognized, they wrap their membrane around the
pathogen, to absorb inside their cell. In particularly in a phagosome, which diffuses with
lysosome that break down the pathogen.
Sometimes the macrophages need help, so they release cytokines ( signaling proteins) that
sound the alarm of a infection inflammation. Through cytokines more immune system cells
are activated and recruited.
Each pathogen has unique molecules; antigens.
Each T-cell has T- receptors that are specific to a single type of antigen.
Each B- cell have antibodies on their membrane that are specific to a single type of antigen.
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing cells that have been affected by pathogens, 2
killing mechanisms:
1. granular exocytosis; spray infected cell with enzymes that destroys the membrane
cell death
2. FAS molecule; activation of apoptosis
When a pathogen arrives dendritic cells pick up the antigens at the side of the invasion, and
present them on their surfaces through HCA class II to the CD4 cells, the CD4 cells proliferate
into T helper cells, which present antigens HCA class I that is recognized by CD8 cells (also
secrete cytokines). The CD8 cells proliferate into cytotoxic T cells. The cytokines from the T
, IMMUNOLOGY ` book, lectures and practicals
helper cells active B cells to proliferate into plasma cells that produce and release antibodies.
Also memory B cells are produced.
Through blood and lymphatic system into the lymphatic tissue. In here the T-and B
cells look at the antigen to see if they recognize it. When specifics are found those cells
become activated.
3. knows the characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity
2 types of immunity:
1) Innate immunity: uses germ- line encoded receptors (born with) to recognize pathogens
- Non specific
- Immediate response
- Retains no immunological memory
- Found in nearly all forms of life
Functions of the innate immunity:
- Prevention of infection
- Degradation of microbes
- First line of defense, gaining time
- Activation of specific immunity (adaptive)
- Effector of specific immunity
- no specific memory, but ‘training’
- always present
components of the innate immunity:
- Physiological and anatomical barriers
- White blood cells
- Innate receptors; TLR, RIG, NOD
- Complement system
- Acute phase proteins
- antimicrobial products: defensins, lysozyme, α and β interferons, etc.
2) Adaptive immunity: uses somatically generated receptors (acquired) to recognize non-
self pathogens
- Specific
- Slow response (Lag time)
- Retains immunological memory
- Found only in jawed vertebrates
Acquired actively: acquired passively:
- Infection - passive vaccination (donor serum)
- Active vaccination - maternal immunity IgG antibodies (milk,
intra- uterine)
- Experimental; sensitization in vivo - no memory!
- Memory
Functions of the specific/ adaptive immunity:
Lecture 1.2 –immunology
1. understands the importance of the immune system
Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. It is a study on cells,
tissues, organs and molecules in the recognition, inactivation, removal of and protection of
foreign (non-self) or dangerous materials. Performed on the population, animal, cell and
molecular level.
Immunology deals with:
- infections
- vaccination
- allergies
- autoimmunity
- cancer
- physiological regulation (e.g. behavior, metabolism)
- transplantation
why is the knowledge of (veterinary) immunology important?:
- animals rights; health and welfare (freedom of disease)
- lower medical costs in a healthy population
- longevity and resilience
- optimal production
- rationale behind immune modulating feed additives
- animals and man share many immune features
zoonoses: an infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
- 60-75% of the infectious diseases of humans are from animals origin
- Livestock kept near cities risk??
- Consumption of/ contact with wild/bus animals: ZIKA, SARS, CORONA
- A large part of our DNA is of viral origin (pro- viral DNA)
- There is an intricate relationship between our intestinal microbiota and the immune
system
- Risk from microbe antibiotic resistance transferred from animal to man and vice
versa
One health concept:
Is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and
optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems.
2. Can explain the concept of self/ non-self recognition
The immune system recognizes self and non- self using unique cell- surface molecules called
antigens, which act as an identification tags.
Self- antigens are the body’s own molecules, which the immune system is trained to
ignore due to lymphocytes
Non-self antigens come from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, this recognition
is mediated by innate and adaptive immune cells and receptors.
,IMMUNOLOGY ` book, lectures and practicals
Immunity is assisted with the MHC (major histocompatibility complex), in which MHC
molecules present fragments of proteins from inside a cell to T cells if the presented
fragment is a self- protein the T cells ignore it, when it is a non- self source the T cells trigger
an immune response (triggers to eliminate foreign cells by producing antibodies that bind
specifically to antigens).
- Pathogens infect and replicate at different locations.
4 principles of immunity:
1. The ability to detect and fight off infection
2. The ability to recognize a host’s own cells as
“self”, thereby protecting them from being
attacked
3. A memory from the previous foreign infections
4. the ability to limit the response after the
pathogen has been removed
overview of immune system
initial immune response: once a pathogen invades the mechanical and physical barrier. A
macrophage recognizes a pathogen, which activates the innate system. dendritic cells pick
up antigens, and track down the relevant T- and B cells to activate the specific/adaptive
system. (which activates the complement system via lectin and alternative pathways
through pathogens and a classical pathway through antibody- antigen complexes).
Another system along the innate and specific system, is the complement system; c1- c9
proteins to help the other systems. Involved results: actin as opsonins, triggering further
inflammation and directly destroying pathogens.
Innate immune system gives a direct response to infection. First response is from the
macrophages; that recognize pathogens by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Specific immune system where lymphocytes (T-and B cells) move through the lymphatic
system and blood, but spend most time in the lymph nodes and mucosa associated lymphoid
tissue.
Phagocytosis: once the pathogens is recognized, they wrap their membrane around the
pathogen, to absorb inside their cell. In particularly in a phagosome, which diffuses with
lysosome that break down the pathogen.
Sometimes the macrophages need help, so they release cytokines ( signaling proteins) that
sound the alarm of a infection inflammation. Through cytokines more immune system cells
are activated and recruited.
Each pathogen has unique molecules; antigens.
Each T-cell has T- receptors that are specific to a single type of antigen.
Each B- cell have antibodies on their membrane that are specific to a single type of antigen.
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing cells that have been affected by pathogens, 2
killing mechanisms:
1. granular exocytosis; spray infected cell with enzymes that destroys the membrane
cell death
2. FAS molecule; activation of apoptosis
When a pathogen arrives dendritic cells pick up the antigens at the side of the invasion, and
present them on their surfaces through HCA class II to the CD4 cells, the CD4 cells proliferate
into T helper cells, which present antigens HCA class I that is recognized by CD8 cells (also
secrete cytokines). The CD8 cells proliferate into cytotoxic T cells. The cytokines from the T
, IMMUNOLOGY ` book, lectures and practicals
helper cells active B cells to proliferate into plasma cells that produce and release antibodies.
Also memory B cells are produced.
Through blood and lymphatic system into the lymphatic tissue. In here the T-and B
cells look at the antigen to see if they recognize it. When specifics are found those cells
become activated.
3. knows the characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity
2 types of immunity:
1) Innate immunity: uses germ- line encoded receptors (born with) to recognize pathogens
- Non specific
- Immediate response
- Retains no immunological memory
- Found in nearly all forms of life
Functions of the innate immunity:
- Prevention of infection
- Degradation of microbes
- First line of defense, gaining time
- Activation of specific immunity (adaptive)
- Effector of specific immunity
- no specific memory, but ‘training’
- always present
components of the innate immunity:
- Physiological and anatomical barriers
- White blood cells
- Innate receptors; TLR, RIG, NOD
- Complement system
- Acute phase proteins
- antimicrobial products: defensins, lysozyme, α and β interferons, etc.
2) Adaptive immunity: uses somatically generated receptors (acquired) to recognize non-
self pathogens
- Specific
- Slow response (Lag time)
- Retains immunological memory
- Found only in jawed vertebrates
Acquired actively: acquired passively:
- Infection - passive vaccination (donor serum)
- Active vaccination - maternal immunity IgG antibodies (milk,
intra- uterine)
- Experimental; sensitization in vivo - no memory!
- Memory
Functions of the specific/ adaptive immunity:
