1|Page
A & P Exam 4 Newest Actual Exam With Complete Questions
And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) |Already
Graded A+
What are the functions of blood? - ANSWERS--Blood transports
gases, nutrients, wastes & hormones; regulates pH, temperature,
and fluid balance; protects against infection and blood loss.
What is the amount of blood in females? - ANSWERS--4-5 L.
What is the amount of blood in males? - ANSWERS--5-6 L.
What are formed elements in blood? - ANSWERS--Red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
What is the composition of a centrifuged blood sample? - ANSWERS--
Plasma (55%), buffy coat (<1% WBCs + platelets), RBCs (45%
hematocrit).
What percentage of blood is plasma? - ANSWERS--Approximately
55%.
,2|Page
What is the difference between serum and plasma? - ANSWERS--
Serum is plasma without clotting factors; plasma contains clotting
proteins.
What is hematopoiesis? - ANSWERS--Formation of blood cells in red
bone marrow.
Where do blood cells originate from? - ANSWERS--Hematopoietic
stem cells → myeloid & lymphoid stem cells.
What is the structure and function of red blood cells? - ANSWERS--
Biconcave discs, no nucleus, filled with hemoglobin, transport O2 and
CO2, lifespan ~120 days.
What triggers erythropoiesis? - ANSWERS--Low O2 triggers kidneys
to release EPO; needs iron, folate, and vitamin B12.
What is the structure of hemoglobin? - ANSWERS--Four globin chains
+ four heme groups; each binds one oxygen molecule.
What is sickle cell disease? - ANSWERS--A mutation causes RBCs to
sickle and block vessels; sickle trait offers resistance to malaria.
How are red blood cells broken down? - ANSWERS--Macrophages in
liver/spleen break RBCs → iron reused, heme → biliverdin →
bilirubin.
,3|Page
What is the function of white blood cells? - ANSWERS--Fight infection
through phagocytosis, inflammation, and immune responses.
What are the five types of white blood cells? - ANSWERS--
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
What is the composition of plasma? - ANSWERS--Plasma is 91%
water; major electrolytes include Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-.
What are platelets? - ANSWERS--Fragments of megakaryocytes;
stimulated by thrombopoietin; help form clots; release serotonin.
What are the three steps of hemostasis? - ANSWERS--Vascular
spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation.
What happens after blood clots are no longer needed? - ANSWERS--
Plasmin breaks down fibrin and dissolves the clot.
What are abnormal blood clots? - ANSWERS--Thrombus (stationary)
and embolus (traveling).
What are the two circuits in the cardiovascular system? - ANSWERS--
Pulmonary (heart-lungs-heart) and systemic (heart-body-heart).
What is the structure of the heart? - ANSWERS--Hollow, cone-shaped
muscular organ in mediastinum.
, 4|Page
What are the coverings of the heart? - ANSWERS--Fibrous
pericardium; parietal & visceral serous pericardium.
What are the layers of the heart wall? - ANSWERS--Epicardium,
myocardium, endocardium.
What is the difference between arteries and veins? - ANSWERS--
Arteries carry blood away from heart; veins carry blood toward
heart.
What is the blood flow through the heart? - ANSWERS--Body → RA
→ RV → lungs → LA → LV → body.
What supplies blood to the heart? - ANSWERS--Coronary arteries
supply heart; cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? - ANSWERS--
Striated, branching, intercalated discs, syncytium.
What is the order of the cardiac conduction system? - ANSWERS--SA
node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
What is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSWERS--SA node.
A & P Exam 4 Newest Actual Exam With Complete Questions
And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) |Already
Graded A+
What are the functions of blood? - ANSWERS--Blood transports
gases, nutrients, wastes & hormones; regulates pH, temperature,
and fluid balance; protects against infection and blood loss.
What is the amount of blood in females? - ANSWERS--4-5 L.
What is the amount of blood in males? - ANSWERS--5-6 L.
What are formed elements in blood? - ANSWERS--Red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
What is the composition of a centrifuged blood sample? - ANSWERS--
Plasma (55%), buffy coat (<1% WBCs + platelets), RBCs (45%
hematocrit).
What percentage of blood is plasma? - ANSWERS--Approximately
55%.
,2|Page
What is the difference between serum and plasma? - ANSWERS--
Serum is plasma without clotting factors; plasma contains clotting
proteins.
What is hematopoiesis? - ANSWERS--Formation of blood cells in red
bone marrow.
Where do blood cells originate from? - ANSWERS--Hematopoietic
stem cells → myeloid & lymphoid stem cells.
What is the structure and function of red blood cells? - ANSWERS--
Biconcave discs, no nucleus, filled with hemoglobin, transport O2 and
CO2, lifespan ~120 days.
What triggers erythropoiesis? - ANSWERS--Low O2 triggers kidneys
to release EPO; needs iron, folate, and vitamin B12.
What is the structure of hemoglobin? - ANSWERS--Four globin chains
+ four heme groups; each binds one oxygen molecule.
What is sickle cell disease? - ANSWERS--A mutation causes RBCs to
sickle and block vessels; sickle trait offers resistance to malaria.
How are red blood cells broken down? - ANSWERS--Macrophages in
liver/spleen break RBCs → iron reused, heme → biliverdin →
bilirubin.
,3|Page
What is the function of white blood cells? - ANSWERS--Fight infection
through phagocytosis, inflammation, and immune responses.
What are the five types of white blood cells? - ANSWERS--
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
What is the composition of plasma? - ANSWERS--Plasma is 91%
water; major electrolytes include Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-.
What are platelets? - ANSWERS--Fragments of megakaryocytes;
stimulated by thrombopoietin; help form clots; release serotonin.
What are the three steps of hemostasis? - ANSWERS--Vascular
spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation.
What happens after blood clots are no longer needed? - ANSWERS--
Plasmin breaks down fibrin and dissolves the clot.
What are abnormal blood clots? - ANSWERS--Thrombus (stationary)
and embolus (traveling).
What are the two circuits in the cardiovascular system? - ANSWERS--
Pulmonary (heart-lungs-heart) and systemic (heart-body-heart).
What is the structure of the heart? - ANSWERS--Hollow, cone-shaped
muscular organ in mediastinum.
, 4|Page
What are the coverings of the heart? - ANSWERS--Fibrous
pericardium; parietal & visceral serous pericardium.
What are the layers of the heart wall? - ANSWERS--Epicardium,
myocardium, endocardium.
What is the difference between arteries and veins? - ANSWERS--
Arteries carry blood away from heart; veins carry blood toward
heart.
What is the blood flow through the heart? - ANSWERS--Body → RA
→ RV → lungs → LA → LV → body.
What supplies blood to the heart? - ANSWERS--Coronary arteries
supply heart; cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? - ANSWERS--
Striated, branching, intercalated discs, syncytium.
What is the order of the cardiac conduction system? - ANSWERS--SA
node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
What is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSWERS--SA node.
