NURS 651 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. distal: Farther from the trunk of the body
2. proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
3. flexion: A decrease in the angle of the resting joint in the upper or lower extremitites.
4. extension: An increase in the joint angle.
5. hyperextension: An increase in the angle of the joint beyond the usual arc.
6. abduction: An increase in the angle of the joint beyond the usual arc. or movement away from the midline of
body
7. adduction: Movement toward the midline.
8. rotation: Movement around a central axis.
9. circumduction: Rotation or circular movement of the limbs.
10. dorsiflexion: The action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin. It means the flexion of the foot in the
dorsal, or upward, direction.
11. sublaxation: Partial or incomplete disclocation.
12. eversion: Turning outward/movement away from body.
13. varus: Toward midline of body
14. valgus: Away from midline of body.
15. Croup definition: an acute inflammatory disease of the upper airway and larynx caused by a viral infection
16. most common organism that causes croup: parainfluenza virus
17. most common ages croup: 6 months to 5 years
18. peak incidence croup: 18-24 months, males > females, fall and winter
19. Signs and symptoms of croup: URI prodrone, barky cough (stridor, hoarseness, respiratory distress,
fever ABSENT or low grade, worse at night (with agitation/crying)
,20. mild croup: mild: no stridor at rest, occasional barking cough
21. moderate croup: barking is frequent, stridor persists when at rest with suprasternal retractions and
tachypnea
22. severe croup: increased respiratory distress, sternal retractions, frequent barking cough, prominent inspi-
ratory stridor, agitation, restlessness, pallor, cyanosis, decreased consciousness
23. Differential Diagnoses croup: epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheomalacia, foreign body
aspiration, severe asthma
24. physical findings croup: inspiratory stridor, barky cough, dyspnea, expiratory stridor if severe, chest
sounds CLEAR, low grade fever or high grade, cyanosis, mostly upper respiratory tract but the entire respiratory tract
may be inflamed.
,25. diagnostic tests croup: pulse ox, x ray: "steeple sign" is tapering of subglottic trachea, and WBCs normal
or elevated (not normally done)
26. management of mild croup:: antipyretics, calm, hydration, education about worsening respiratory
distress, NO EVIDENCE for mist therapy but harmless
27. management of moderate to severe croup: airway maintenance first priority. hospitalize for
supportive care: o2, medications, IV fluids. intubation in most severe (<1%) cases
28. medications for croup: corticosteroids (IM dexamethasone single dose 0.6mg/kg), oral dexamethasone
single dose 0.15mg/kg for mild to moderate croup, inhaled budesonide (2-4 mg). Nebulized racemic or L-epinephrine (0.5
ml/kg of 2.25% solution in sterile saline (observe for 3 hours after dose for rebound respiratory distress. antibiotics NOT
indicated unless bacterial infection is present.
29. UTI symptoms in infancy: infancy: asymptomatic or nonspecific symptoms like irritability, poor feeding,
diarrhea, fever, vomiting
30. UTI symptoms in infants/preschoolers: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, poor feeding, strong/foul
smelling urine
31. UTI in school age children/adolescents: fever, vomiting, strong/foul-smelling urine, suprapubic or
urethral pain, frequency, dysuria, incontinence
32. most common UTI bacteria: E coli
33. diagnostic testing UTI: -Urinalysis is SUGGESTIVE not diagnostic (leukocyte esterase nitrate and blood)
-urine culture mandatory for diagnosis.
-bag or random: high risk of contamination (93%). positive requires second sample which delays treatment
-clean catch: often contaminated except circumcised males and older girls
-lower risk of contamination
34. when to use clean catch: circumcized male or older girls with 1. mild symptoms and 2. positive with
colonies of 50,000-100,000 colony forming units/ml of single organism
35. when to use straight catheterization: infants/children who cannot void voluntarily/ lower risk for
nosocomal infection than indwelling catheters: 1. moderate or severe symptoms and 2. positive with colonies > 100,000
, cfus/ml of single or multiple organisms
36. when to use suprapubic aspiration: infants/children unable to void voluntarily when culture is
urgently needed due to severity. 1. moderate or severe symptoms and 2. >100,000 CFUs/ml
37. when to blood culture a UTI patient: infants under 12 months with suspected sepsis
38. when to use radiologic studies for UTI: 1. symptoms of pyelonephritis regardless of age and
gender
1. distal: Farther from the trunk of the body
2. proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
3. flexion: A decrease in the angle of the resting joint in the upper or lower extremitites.
4. extension: An increase in the joint angle.
5. hyperextension: An increase in the angle of the joint beyond the usual arc.
6. abduction: An increase in the angle of the joint beyond the usual arc. or movement away from the midline of
body
7. adduction: Movement toward the midline.
8. rotation: Movement around a central axis.
9. circumduction: Rotation or circular movement of the limbs.
10. dorsiflexion: The action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin. It means the flexion of the foot in the
dorsal, or upward, direction.
11. sublaxation: Partial or incomplete disclocation.
12. eversion: Turning outward/movement away from body.
13. varus: Toward midline of body
14. valgus: Away from midline of body.
15. Croup definition: an acute inflammatory disease of the upper airway and larynx caused by a viral infection
16. most common organism that causes croup: parainfluenza virus
17. most common ages croup: 6 months to 5 years
18. peak incidence croup: 18-24 months, males > females, fall and winter
19. Signs and symptoms of croup: URI prodrone, barky cough (stridor, hoarseness, respiratory distress,
fever ABSENT or low grade, worse at night (with agitation/crying)
,20. mild croup: mild: no stridor at rest, occasional barking cough
21. moderate croup: barking is frequent, stridor persists when at rest with suprasternal retractions and
tachypnea
22. severe croup: increased respiratory distress, sternal retractions, frequent barking cough, prominent inspi-
ratory stridor, agitation, restlessness, pallor, cyanosis, decreased consciousness
23. Differential Diagnoses croup: epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheomalacia, foreign body
aspiration, severe asthma
24. physical findings croup: inspiratory stridor, barky cough, dyspnea, expiratory stridor if severe, chest
sounds CLEAR, low grade fever or high grade, cyanosis, mostly upper respiratory tract but the entire respiratory tract
may be inflamed.
,25. diagnostic tests croup: pulse ox, x ray: "steeple sign" is tapering of subglottic trachea, and WBCs normal
or elevated (not normally done)
26. management of mild croup:: antipyretics, calm, hydration, education about worsening respiratory
distress, NO EVIDENCE for mist therapy but harmless
27. management of moderate to severe croup: airway maintenance first priority. hospitalize for
supportive care: o2, medications, IV fluids. intubation in most severe (<1%) cases
28. medications for croup: corticosteroids (IM dexamethasone single dose 0.6mg/kg), oral dexamethasone
single dose 0.15mg/kg for mild to moderate croup, inhaled budesonide (2-4 mg). Nebulized racemic or L-epinephrine (0.5
ml/kg of 2.25% solution in sterile saline (observe for 3 hours after dose for rebound respiratory distress. antibiotics NOT
indicated unless bacterial infection is present.
29. UTI symptoms in infancy: infancy: asymptomatic or nonspecific symptoms like irritability, poor feeding,
diarrhea, fever, vomiting
30. UTI symptoms in infants/preschoolers: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, poor feeding, strong/foul
smelling urine
31. UTI in school age children/adolescents: fever, vomiting, strong/foul-smelling urine, suprapubic or
urethral pain, frequency, dysuria, incontinence
32. most common UTI bacteria: E coli
33. diagnostic testing UTI: -Urinalysis is SUGGESTIVE not diagnostic (leukocyte esterase nitrate and blood)
-urine culture mandatory for diagnosis.
-bag or random: high risk of contamination (93%). positive requires second sample which delays treatment
-clean catch: often contaminated except circumcised males and older girls
-lower risk of contamination
34. when to use clean catch: circumcized male or older girls with 1. mild symptoms and 2. positive with
colonies of 50,000-100,000 colony forming units/ml of single organism
35. when to use straight catheterization: infants/children who cannot void voluntarily/ lower risk for
nosocomal infection than indwelling catheters: 1. moderate or severe symptoms and 2. positive with colonies > 100,000
, cfus/ml of single or multiple organisms
36. when to use suprapubic aspiration: infants/children unable to void voluntarily when culture is
urgently needed due to severity. 1. moderate or severe symptoms and 2. >100,000 CFUs/ml
37. when to blood culture a UTI patient: infants under 12 months with suspected sepsis
38. when to use radiologic studies for UTI: 1. symptoms of pyelonephritis regardless of age and
gender
