NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
1. How does blood flow through the Superior vena cava to inferior vena cave. Blood then
heart chambers/valves? enters the right atrium and passes through the tri-
cuspid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle
pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary
valve to the pulmonary arteries where it becomes oxy-
genated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to
the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left
atrium. From the left atrium blood flows through the
bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
2. Which coronary arteries provide a. ) Left coronary artery
blood to which part of the heart? i.) Left anterior descending artery:widow maker
LV and RV, intraventricular septum
ii. ) Circumflex: LA and left lateral wall of LV.
b. ) Right coronary artery
RV, intraventricular sulcus and small vessels of the RV
and LV
3. What factors contribute to blood Pressure difference between two ends of a vessel
flow in a vessel? Resistance: r/t diameter of a vessel
Viscosity (n) of the blood
Length (l) of the vessel
4. What does QP: QS mean and what Q=blood flow
factors alter a normal ratio? QP= blood flow to the lungs (pulmonary) : QS= blood
flow to the body (systemic)
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
i ) Vascular resistance =measures in woods units
ii) Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
1. ) <8 weeks of age: 8-10 woods units/m2
2. ) >8 weeks of age: 1-3 woods units/m2
iii) Systemic vascular resistance
1. ) Infant 10-15 woods units/m2
2.) 1-2 years old: 15-20 woods units/m2
3.) Child to adult: 15-30 woods units/m2
a) Factors affecting resistance
i.) Compliance-ease that blood travels through the
arteries
1. Constriction and relaxation of smooth muscle of
arteries and arterioles
a. ) Sympathetic nervous system
b.) Local tissue metabolism
c.) Hormone responses
d.) Changes in chemical environment
5. Explain the process of cardiac con- At rest, active sites on actin are blocked by troponin
traction and relaxation. and tropomyosin complexes. During action potential,
troponin C binds with calcium and moves the com-
What are the roles of actin, myosin, plexes off the actin active site. Actin and myosin inter-
and troponin in this process? act (contract).
"Walk-along" theory:
Head of myosin cross-bridge attached to the actin
filament at the active site.
Intra molecular forces cause the myosin head to tilt
forward on a flexible hinge and drag the actin filament
with it (power stroke)
Myosin head breaks away and interacts with the next
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
actin active site.
Z disc pulls filaments together at the sarcomeres=
muscle contraction.
6. What is the effect of Epinephrine on Stronger Alpha 1 than Alpha 2. Works on both, equally
the cardiovascular system? strong on Beta 1 (renin release), and Beta 2. Pos-
itive inotrope. Increases heart rate, smooth muscle
contraction, myocardial contractility, coronary flow, in-
crease systolic blood pressure, mild increase in dias-
tolic blood pressure.
7. What is the effect of Norepineph- Slightly stronger Alpha 2 than Alpha 1. Some effect
rine on the cardiovascular system? on Beta 1, none on Beta 2. Strong vasoconstriction
(smooth muscle contraction). Increase coronary flow,
increase systolic and some diastolic BP.
8. What is the effect of Dopamine on Positive inotrope. Increases HR, increases BP (vaso-
the cardiovascular system? constriction) Alpha 1, 2, beta 1 and dopamine recep-
tors)
9. What is the process of generating a 0-Depolarization
cardiac action potential? 1-Early repolarization
What electrolytes are involved? Rapid sodium entering the cell
2. Plateau (repolarization)
Slow sodium and calcium enters the cell
3. Potassium moves out of the cells
4. Return to resting potential
Sodium, Calcium, Potassium
10. What is the conduction pathway? SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right & Left Bundle
Branches, Perkinje Fibers
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
11. How does conduction correlate P-wave: spread of depolarization through the atria
with the EKG and activity in the followed by atrial contraction.
heart? P-R interval: pause in conduction at the A-V node
QRS complex: Depolarization of the ventricle, followed
by ventricular contraction
T wave: depolarization of the ventricles, happens just
before the end of ventricular contraction
12. Define preload. Volume of blood returning to the heart from systemic
circulations. RA pressure or CVP
13. Define afterload. Systemic pressure=the pressure the heart must pump
against to circulate blood=MAP
14. Define stroke volume. Amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the
heart
15. Define end-diastolic volume. Amount of blood in the heart after filling, before sys-
tole (end of diastole)
16. Define end-systolic volume. Amount of blood that remains in the heart after systole
17. Define ejection faction. Percentage of blood in the chamber that is ejected
with each systole
18. Define cardiac output. Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute
19. What are the causes, risk fac- Risk factors/causes: Heart failure, ischemic heart dis-
tors, pathophysiology and manifes- ease, HTN, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, rheumat-
tations of atrial fibrillation? ic heart disease, thyroid disease
1. How does blood flow through the Superior vena cava to inferior vena cave. Blood then
heart chambers/valves? enters the right atrium and passes through the tri-
cuspid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle
pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary
valve to the pulmonary arteries where it becomes oxy-
genated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to
the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left
atrium. From the left atrium blood flows through the
bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
2. Which coronary arteries provide a. ) Left coronary artery
blood to which part of the heart? i.) Left anterior descending artery:widow maker
LV and RV, intraventricular septum
ii. ) Circumflex: LA and left lateral wall of LV.
b. ) Right coronary artery
RV, intraventricular sulcus and small vessels of the RV
and LV
3. What factors contribute to blood Pressure difference between two ends of a vessel
flow in a vessel? Resistance: r/t diameter of a vessel
Viscosity (n) of the blood
Length (l) of the vessel
4. What does QP: QS mean and what Q=blood flow
factors alter a normal ratio? QP= blood flow to the lungs (pulmonary) : QS= blood
flow to the body (systemic)
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
i ) Vascular resistance =measures in woods units
ii) Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
1. ) <8 weeks of age: 8-10 woods units/m2
2. ) >8 weeks of age: 1-3 woods units/m2
iii) Systemic vascular resistance
1. ) Infant 10-15 woods units/m2
2.) 1-2 years old: 15-20 woods units/m2
3.) Child to adult: 15-30 woods units/m2
a) Factors affecting resistance
i.) Compliance-ease that blood travels through the
arteries
1. Constriction and relaxation of smooth muscle of
arteries and arterioles
a. ) Sympathetic nervous system
b.) Local tissue metabolism
c.) Hormone responses
d.) Changes in chemical environment
5. Explain the process of cardiac con- At rest, active sites on actin are blocked by troponin
traction and relaxation. and tropomyosin complexes. During action potential,
troponin C binds with calcium and moves the com-
What are the roles of actin, myosin, plexes off the actin active site. Actin and myosin inter-
and troponin in this process? act (contract).
"Walk-along" theory:
Head of myosin cross-bridge attached to the actin
filament at the active site.
Intra molecular forces cause the myosin head to tilt
forward on a flexible hinge and drag the actin filament
with it (power stroke)
Myosin head breaks away and interacts with the next
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
actin active site.
Z disc pulls filaments together at the sarcomeres=
muscle contraction.
6. What is the effect of Epinephrine on Stronger Alpha 1 than Alpha 2. Works on both, equally
the cardiovascular system? strong on Beta 1 (renin release), and Beta 2. Pos-
itive inotrope. Increases heart rate, smooth muscle
contraction, myocardial contractility, coronary flow, in-
crease systolic blood pressure, mild increase in dias-
tolic blood pressure.
7. What is the effect of Norepineph- Slightly stronger Alpha 2 than Alpha 1. Some effect
rine on the cardiovascular system? on Beta 1, none on Beta 2. Strong vasoconstriction
(smooth muscle contraction). Increase coronary flow,
increase systolic and some diastolic BP.
8. What is the effect of Dopamine on Positive inotrope. Increases HR, increases BP (vaso-
the cardiovascular system? constriction) Alpha 1, 2, beta 1 and dopamine recep-
tors)
9. What is the process of generating a 0-Depolarization
cardiac action potential? 1-Early repolarization
What electrolytes are involved? Rapid sodium entering the cell
2. Plateau (repolarization)
Slow sodium and calcium enters the cell
3. Potassium moves out of the cells
4. Return to resting potential
Sodium, Calcium, Potassium
10. What is the conduction pathway? SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right & Left Bundle
Branches, Perkinje Fibers
, NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions
11. How does conduction correlate P-wave: spread of depolarization through the atria
with the EKG and activity in the followed by atrial contraction.
heart? P-R interval: pause in conduction at the A-V node
QRS complex: Depolarization of the ventricle, followed
by ventricular contraction
T wave: depolarization of the ventricles, happens just
before the end of ventricular contraction
12. Define preload. Volume of blood returning to the heart from systemic
circulations. RA pressure or CVP
13. Define afterload. Systemic pressure=the pressure the heart must pump
against to circulate blood=MAP
14. Define stroke volume. Amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the
heart
15. Define end-diastolic volume. Amount of blood in the heart after filling, before sys-
tole (end of diastole)
16. Define end-systolic volume. Amount of blood that remains in the heart after systole
17. Define ejection faction. Percentage of blood in the chamber that is ejected
with each systole
18. Define cardiac output. Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute
19. What are the causes, risk fac- Risk factors/causes: Heart failure, ischemic heart dis-
tors, pathophysiology and manifes- ease, HTN, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, rheumat-
tations of atrial fibrillation? ic heart disease, thyroid disease
