NSG 530 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL SUMMATIVE EVALUATION EXAM
COLLECTION 2026
◉ Cardiomyopathy(ies). Answer: a diverse group of diseases
primarily affecting the myocardium and resulting from tissue
remodeling caused by myocardial and neurohumoral responses to
ischemic and hypertensive alterations.
◉ Cavernous (congenital) hemangioma. Answer: a birthmark that is
similar to the strawberry hemangioma but is more deeply rooted
and may appear as a red-blue spongy mass of tissue filled with
blood.
◉ Cellulitis. Answer: an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous
tissue usually caused by Staphylococcus, CA-MRSA, or group B
streptococci.
◉ Central core disease (CCD). Answer: an autosomal dominant
congenital myopathy characterized by hypotonia, delay of motor
development in infancy, and nonprogressive or slowly progressive
muscle weakness; on biopsy the central core of muscle fibers stains
abnormally, myofibrils are abnormally compact, and there is virtual
absence of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum;
,histochemically, the cores are devoid of oxidative enzyme,
phosphorylase, and ATPase activity.
◉ Central precocious puberty. Answer: a condition in which puberty
begins prematurely with normal changes in the hypothalamus-
pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and with premature development of
secondary sexual characteristics and premature closure of the
epiphysis of long bones, resulting in lifelong short stature.
◉ Centriacinar emphysema. Answer: see Emphysema.
◉ Cerebellar astrocytoma. Answer: brain tumor of the right or left
cerebellar hemisphere that causes motor symptoms on the same
side as the tumor.
◉ Cerebral palsy (CP). Answer: a developmental brain injury that
occurs before or shortly after birth and causes muscular impairment
affecting motor function and also may alter speech and learning
abilities.
◉ Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Answer: the leading cause of
disability, the third leading cause of death in women, and the fifth
leading cause of death in men in the United States; classified
pathophysiologically as ischemic, hemorrhagic, or cryptogenic.
,◉ Cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN]).
Answer: a condition characterized by the appearance of abnormal
cervical cells that are considered precancerous.
◉ Cervicitis. Answer: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
uterine cervix caused by infection, typically by chlamydia, genital
herpes, or gonorrhea.
◉ Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Answer: see Immune deficiency.
◉ Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Answer: an abnormal pattern of
breathing in which tidal volume gradually increases followed by a
gradual decrease and a period of apnea before returning to a normal
respiratory pattern.
◉ Chickenpox. Answer: an infectious viral disease that is spread by
direct contact or through the air by coughing or sneezing; it causes a
blister-like rash that first affects the face and trunk and then can
spread over the rest of the body; symptoms include severe itching,
fatigue, and fever.
◉ Childhood absence epilepsy (petit mal seizures, nonconvulsive
epilepsy). Answer: a type of generalized epilepsy; age of onset is 4 to
10 years.
, ◉ Chlamydia. Answer: a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that
can cause infertility and blindness.
◉ Choking asphyxiation. Answer: obstruction of the internal
airways.
◉ Cholangiocellular carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma). Answer:
primary carcinomas of the liver that develop in the bile ducts.
◉ Cholecystitis. Answer: inflammation of the gallbladder commonly
caused by impaction of a gallstone that causes right upper quadrant
pain and possibly a rupture and abscess in the gallbladder.
◉ Cholelithiasis. Answer: the presence or formation of gallstones in
the gallbladder or bile ducts.
◉ Chondrosarcoma. Answer: a cancer of the cartilage that usually
occurs in the pelvic bones, shoulder bones, and the upper part of the
arms and legs.
◉ Chronic active hepatitis. Answer: the persistence of clinical
manifestations and liver inflammation after the acute stages with
consistently abnormal liver function tests and persistent hepatitis B
surface antigen (HBsAg) creating a predisposition to cirrhosis and
primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
FINAL SUMMATIVE EVALUATION EXAM
COLLECTION 2026
◉ Cardiomyopathy(ies). Answer: a diverse group of diseases
primarily affecting the myocardium and resulting from tissue
remodeling caused by myocardial and neurohumoral responses to
ischemic and hypertensive alterations.
◉ Cavernous (congenital) hemangioma. Answer: a birthmark that is
similar to the strawberry hemangioma but is more deeply rooted
and may appear as a red-blue spongy mass of tissue filled with
blood.
◉ Cellulitis. Answer: an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous
tissue usually caused by Staphylococcus, CA-MRSA, or group B
streptococci.
◉ Central core disease (CCD). Answer: an autosomal dominant
congenital myopathy characterized by hypotonia, delay of motor
development in infancy, and nonprogressive or slowly progressive
muscle weakness; on biopsy the central core of muscle fibers stains
abnormally, myofibrils are abnormally compact, and there is virtual
absence of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum;
,histochemically, the cores are devoid of oxidative enzyme,
phosphorylase, and ATPase activity.
◉ Central precocious puberty. Answer: a condition in which puberty
begins prematurely with normal changes in the hypothalamus-
pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and with premature development of
secondary sexual characteristics and premature closure of the
epiphysis of long bones, resulting in lifelong short stature.
◉ Centriacinar emphysema. Answer: see Emphysema.
◉ Cerebellar astrocytoma. Answer: brain tumor of the right or left
cerebellar hemisphere that causes motor symptoms on the same
side as the tumor.
◉ Cerebral palsy (CP). Answer: a developmental brain injury that
occurs before or shortly after birth and causes muscular impairment
affecting motor function and also may alter speech and learning
abilities.
◉ Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Answer: the leading cause of
disability, the third leading cause of death in women, and the fifth
leading cause of death in men in the United States; classified
pathophysiologically as ischemic, hemorrhagic, or cryptogenic.
,◉ Cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN]).
Answer: a condition characterized by the appearance of abnormal
cervical cells that are considered precancerous.
◉ Cervicitis. Answer: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
uterine cervix caused by infection, typically by chlamydia, genital
herpes, or gonorrhea.
◉ Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Answer: see Immune deficiency.
◉ Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Answer: an abnormal pattern of
breathing in which tidal volume gradually increases followed by a
gradual decrease and a period of apnea before returning to a normal
respiratory pattern.
◉ Chickenpox. Answer: an infectious viral disease that is spread by
direct contact or through the air by coughing or sneezing; it causes a
blister-like rash that first affects the face and trunk and then can
spread over the rest of the body; symptoms include severe itching,
fatigue, and fever.
◉ Childhood absence epilepsy (petit mal seizures, nonconvulsive
epilepsy). Answer: a type of generalized epilepsy; age of onset is 4 to
10 years.
, ◉ Chlamydia. Answer: a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that
can cause infertility and blindness.
◉ Choking asphyxiation. Answer: obstruction of the internal
airways.
◉ Cholangiocellular carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma). Answer:
primary carcinomas of the liver that develop in the bile ducts.
◉ Cholecystitis. Answer: inflammation of the gallbladder commonly
caused by impaction of a gallstone that causes right upper quadrant
pain and possibly a rupture and abscess in the gallbladder.
◉ Cholelithiasis. Answer: the presence or formation of gallstones in
the gallbladder or bile ducts.
◉ Chondrosarcoma. Answer: a cancer of the cartilage that usually
occurs in the pelvic bones, shoulder bones, and the upper part of the
arms and legs.
◉ Chronic active hepatitis. Answer: the persistence of clinical
manifestations and liver inflammation after the acute stages with
consistently abnormal liver function tests and persistent hepatitis B
surface antigen (HBsAg) creating a predisposition to cirrhosis and
primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
