Court Parliament
The people who lived in or near the monarch’s palace, usually members of
Made up of the House of Lords & the House of Commons.
the nobility, or the monarch’s key servants, advisors & friends.
Attending court required the monarch’s permission. Can only be called & dismissed by the monarch. Elizabeth I called
Role Parliament 10x during her reign. Elections were held before each
To entertain & advise the monarch.
A public display of wealth & power. new parliament, but few could vote.
Courtiers could influence the monarch. Role
Privy Council To grant extrordinary taxation (eg extra taxes to pay for wars)
Made up of leading courtiers, advisors, nobles, & senior government officials.
For example, Sir William Cecil. There were about 19 members, chosen by To pass laws.
the monarch. Offer advice to the monarch.
They met 3x a week. Monarch
Role
To debate current issues & advise the monarch on government policy. Had a ‘divine right’ to rule - declare wars, call & dismiss
Carried out the monarch’s decisions. Parliment, grant titles, land money etc. (Patronage)
Oversaw law & order, local government, & the security of England. Eliz became monarch in 1558.
Monitored JPs, & the proceedings of Parliment.
Lords Lieutenants Elizabeth’s legitimacy
Each county has a Lord Lieutenant. They were members of the nobility & often on
the Privy Council.
To inherit the throne, the monarch had to be born in wedlock.
They were essential to maintain the monarch’s power & England’s defenses. Eliz’s legitimacy was in doubt because Henry VIII had divorced
Role Catherine of Aragon to marry Eliz’s mother, Anne Boleyn in
In charge of training the militia & overseeing country defences. 1533.
Oversaw the enforcement of policies. The Pope refused to grant the divorce, leading to the English
Part of the local government.
Justices of the Peace
Reformation in which Henry created the church of England &
JPs were large landowners who kept law & order in their local areas. granted himself annulment to marry Anne Boleyn.
They were unpaid, & reported to the Privy Council. Being a JP was a popular job, Committed Catholics refused to acknowledge Henry’s divorce,
with a high status. & some were even executed for this.
Role In 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason, & Henry VIII
To make sure all social & economic policies were carried out.
Heard county court cases every three months for more serious crimes.
himself declared Eliz illegitimate, excluding her from the
Part of the local government. succession. However, later he reversed this.
,Gender & marriage
Women were not considered to be physically or mentally able to govern a
country. Most people thought Elizabeth should marry.
Elizabeth turned down many offers from eligible princes, such as Phillip II of Challenges at home
Spain & King Eric of Sweden. Financial weakness
Mary I’s reign before Eliz hadn’t helped this prejudice, as she’s been a terrible
ruler: England had been fighting wars before Eliz became
England, allied with Spain, had lost a war against France.
England’s finances were low & harvests had been terrible. queen.
Mary I’s marriage to Phillip II had been so unpopular it had led to rebellion.
Mary burned 300+ people for their religious views. When she took the throne, England was £300,000 in debt.
Character & strengths
Eliz was intelligent & well educated, with an excellent grasp of politics.
The total annual income of the Crown was about that
She spoke Latin, Greek, French & Italian. (£286,667).
She was confident & charismatic, with great speeches.
She had a temper people feared.
She often was indecisive, & her Privy Council would often become frustrated.
The French threat
France was wealthier & had a larger population than England. The English Reformation
It was an allie with Scotland - known as the Auld Alliance.
Mary, Queen of Scots, had a strong claim to the English throne & was Eliz’s
The reformation began in Europe in 1532, with Henry
cousin, but also half French & became queen of France in 1559, when her VIII’s creation of the Church of England.
husband became king Francis II. It began because many people believed the Roman
The port of Calais
England had held the port of Calais since 1347, & it meant that England had a Catholic Church to be corrupt, no longer representing a
military base & important trading post in France. Christian life.
In 1559, England & France ended a war with the Treaty of Cambrésis, which
meant that they had to give the port back.
So, people known as Protestants set up their own
Gaining the port back was an important part of Eliz’s foreign policy - she could church, without the pope.
right Mary I’s mistake, & reclaim some glory. Most people couldn’t read or write in Latin, so
France & Spain
Eliz was also concerned about France & Spain. Although they were rivals, they Protestants believed the Bible should be in English, so
were both Roman Catholic countries, & Elizabeth was Protestant. that they could interpret it for themselves.
There was a possibility Catholic France & Spain would unite against Eliz.
, Roman Catholicism
Religious divisions
The Pope is the head of the Church
The Bible & church services should be in Latin. Eliz took power in 1558.
The church is an intermediary between God & the people. Most of the clergy was Catholic, as Mary I had been.
The Church can fogive sins. The north had strong Catholic areas, such as Durham &
Priests wear vestments.
Yorkshire.
Churches are highly decorated to honour God.
There are 7 sacrements (special ceremonies) The south had strong Protestant areas, such as London & Kent.
Priests cannot marry. This was because Protestantism had come through trade routes.
Protestantism Puritans
There should not be a pope.
The Bible & church services should be in your own language. When Mary I was queen, 300 people were burned for being
People have their own, direct relationship with God. Protestant. Many more escaped to the Netherlands.
Sins can only be forgiven by God. They returned as Puritans when Eliz became queen.
Priests should not wear vestments.
Puritans wanted to ‘purify’ the Christian religion, by managing their
There are only 2 sacrements: baptism & Holy communion.
Priests can marry if they wish. own churches, which would be basic, without altars or vestments.
Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement 1559
Eliz wanted to find a compromise, not make ‘windows into men’s souls’. The Impact of the Religious Settlement
She established a form of Protestantism that Catholics could accept. Eliz didn’t want to open ‘Windows into men’s souls’ ie, force
The Act of Supremacy: Eliz was supreme governor of the Church of England - all
them to choose between their religion & the monarch.
clergy swore an oath of allegiance to her as the head of the church
The Act of Uniformity: established the appearance of churchs & how services The clergy
would be held. 8,000 members swore the oath of supremacy.
It also introduced the Book of Common Prayer to be used in all churches. The Only 1 bishops did, & 27 had to step down.
wording was deliberately unclear so that Catholics & Protestants could interpret
transubstantiation in their own way.
There was a shortage of Protestant clergy.
It also ordered that everyone must attend church on Sunday or be fined one The people
shilling. Most people accepted the religious settlement, & attended
The Royal Injunctions: a set of instructions, issued by Sir William Cecil, included
church.
how to worship God & the structure of the services.
They also included that clergy had to teach Royal Supremacy. Catholic parishes were slow to change to the new services.
Each parish should have an English copy of the Bible. Protestants welcomed the settlement with violent enthusiasm.
The clergy would wear vestments. In London, many churches & statues were destroyed.
Churches would continue to be colourful & have images.
The people who lived in or near the monarch’s palace, usually members of
Made up of the House of Lords & the House of Commons.
the nobility, or the monarch’s key servants, advisors & friends.
Attending court required the monarch’s permission. Can only be called & dismissed by the monarch. Elizabeth I called
Role Parliament 10x during her reign. Elections were held before each
To entertain & advise the monarch.
A public display of wealth & power. new parliament, but few could vote.
Courtiers could influence the monarch. Role
Privy Council To grant extrordinary taxation (eg extra taxes to pay for wars)
Made up of leading courtiers, advisors, nobles, & senior government officials.
For example, Sir William Cecil. There were about 19 members, chosen by To pass laws.
the monarch. Offer advice to the monarch.
They met 3x a week. Monarch
Role
To debate current issues & advise the monarch on government policy. Had a ‘divine right’ to rule - declare wars, call & dismiss
Carried out the monarch’s decisions. Parliment, grant titles, land money etc. (Patronage)
Oversaw law & order, local government, & the security of England. Eliz became monarch in 1558.
Monitored JPs, & the proceedings of Parliment.
Lords Lieutenants Elizabeth’s legitimacy
Each county has a Lord Lieutenant. They were members of the nobility & often on
the Privy Council.
To inherit the throne, the monarch had to be born in wedlock.
They were essential to maintain the monarch’s power & England’s defenses. Eliz’s legitimacy was in doubt because Henry VIII had divorced
Role Catherine of Aragon to marry Eliz’s mother, Anne Boleyn in
In charge of training the militia & overseeing country defences. 1533.
Oversaw the enforcement of policies. The Pope refused to grant the divorce, leading to the English
Part of the local government.
Justices of the Peace
Reformation in which Henry created the church of England &
JPs were large landowners who kept law & order in their local areas. granted himself annulment to marry Anne Boleyn.
They were unpaid, & reported to the Privy Council. Being a JP was a popular job, Committed Catholics refused to acknowledge Henry’s divorce,
with a high status. & some were even executed for this.
Role In 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason, & Henry VIII
To make sure all social & economic policies were carried out.
Heard county court cases every three months for more serious crimes.
himself declared Eliz illegitimate, excluding her from the
Part of the local government. succession. However, later he reversed this.
,Gender & marriage
Women were not considered to be physically or mentally able to govern a
country. Most people thought Elizabeth should marry.
Elizabeth turned down many offers from eligible princes, such as Phillip II of Challenges at home
Spain & King Eric of Sweden. Financial weakness
Mary I’s reign before Eliz hadn’t helped this prejudice, as she’s been a terrible
ruler: England had been fighting wars before Eliz became
England, allied with Spain, had lost a war against France.
England’s finances were low & harvests had been terrible. queen.
Mary I’s marriage to Phillip II had been so unpopular it had led to rebellion.
Mary burned 300+ people for their religious views. When she took the throne, England was £300,000 in debt.
Character & strengths
Eliz was intelligent & well educated, with an excellent grasp of politics.
The total annual income of the Crown was about that
She spoke Latin, Greek, French & Italian. (£286,667).
She was confident & charismatic, with great speeches.
She had a temper people feared.
She often was indecisive, & her Privy Council would often become frustrated.
The French threat
France was wealthier & had a larger population than England. The English Reformation
It was an allie with Scotland - known as the Auld Alliance.
Mary, Queen of Scots, had a strong claim to the English throne & was Eliz’s
The reformation began in Europe in 1532, with Henry
cousin, but also half French & became queen of France in 1559, when her VIII’s creation of the Church of England.
husband became king Francis II. It began because many people believed the Roman
The port of Calais
England had held the port of Calais since 1347, & it meant that England had a Catholic Church to be corrupt, no longer representing a
military base & important trading post in France. Christian life.
In 1559, England & France ended a war with the Treaty of Cambrésis, which
meant that they had to give the port back.
So, people known as Protestants set up their own
Gaining the port back was an important part of Eliz’s foreign policy - she could church, without the pope.
right Mary I’s mistake, & reclaim some glory. Most people couldn’t read or write in Latin, so
France & Spain
Eliz was also concerned about France & Spain. Although they were rivals, they Protestants believed the Bible should be in English, so
were both Roman Catholic countries, & Elizabeth was Protestant. that they could interpret it for themselves.
There was a possibility Catholic France & Spain would unite against Eliz.
, Roman Catholicism
Religious divisions
The Pope is the head of the Church
The Bible & church services should be in Latin. Eliz took power in 1558.
The church is an intermediary between God & the people. Most of the clergy was Catholic, as Mary I had been.
The Church can fogive sins. The north had strong Catholic areas, such as Durham &
Priests wear vestments.
Yorkshire.
Churches are highly decorated to honour God.
There are 7 sacrements (special ceremonies) The south had strong Protestant areas, such as London & Kent.
Priests cannot marry. This was because Protestantism had come through trade routes.
Protestantism Puritans
There should not be a pope.
The Bible & church services should be in your own language. When Mary I was queen, 300 people were burned for being
People have their own, direct relationship with God. Protestant. Many more escaped to the Netherlands.
Sins can only be forgiven by God. They returned as Puritans when Eliz became queen.
Priests should not wear vestments.
Puritans wanted to ‘purify’ the Christian religion, by managing their
There are only 2 sacrements: baptism & Holy communion.
Priests can marry if they wish. own churches, which would be basic, without altars or vestments.
Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement 1559
Eliz wanted to find a compromise, not make ‘windows into men’s souls’. The Impact of the Religious Settlement
She established a form of Protestantism that Catholics could accept. Eliz didn’t want to open ‘Windows into men’s souls’ ie, force
The Act of Supremacy: Eliz was supreme governor of the Church of England - all
them to choose between their religion & the monarch.
clergy swore an oath of allegiance to her as the head of the church
The Act of Uniformity: established the appearance of churchs & how services The clergy
would be held. 8,000 members swore the oath of supremacy.
It also introduced the Book of Common Prayer to be used in all churches. The Only 1 bishops did, & 27 had to step down.
wording was deliberately unclear so that Catholics & Protestants could interpret
transubstantiation in their own way.
There was a shortage of Protestant clergy.
It also ordered that everyone must attend church on Sunday or be fined one The people
shilling. Most people accepted the religious settlement, & attended
The Royal Injunctions: a set of instructions, issued by Sir William Cecil, included
church.
how to worship God & the structure of the services.
They also included that clergy had to teach Royal Supremacy. Catholic parishes were slow to change to the new services.
Each parish should have an English copy of the Bible. Protestants welcomed the settlement with violent enthusiasm.
The clergy would wear vestments. In London, many churches & statues were destroyed.
Churches would continue to be colourful & have images.
