Finall Exam:l NRl 571/l NR571l (NEWl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Seruml Creatinine
Answer:
Aboutl 0.6-1.2l mg/dL
0.7-1.3mg/dLl inl males
0.5-1.1mg/dLl inl females
QUESTION
Seruml BUN
Answer:
6-20mg/dL
QUESTION
BUN/creatininel ratio
Answer:
10:1-20:1
>30:1l indicativel ofl UGIb
Lowl ratiol indicativel ofl LGIB
,QUESTION
Renall Functionl Tests
Answer:
Urinalysisl andl microscopyl (urinel examination)
Electrolytesl andl metabolicl wastel (seruml chemistry)
Seruml chloridel andl carbonl dioxidel (acidl -l basel balance)
Urinel concentrationl andl dilutionl (tubularl function)
Filtrationl ofl functioningl nephronsl (glomerularl filtration)
QUESTION
Urinel dipstick/urinalysis
Answer:
Differentiatingl etiologyl ofl urinaryl symptomologyl (i.e.l dysuria,l polyuria,l hematuria,l etc.)l
inl conjunctionl withl P.l E.
QUESTION
Urinel microscopy
Answer:
Urinel isl centrifugedl tol causel sedimentl tol precipitate.l Thisl sedimentl isl thenl resuspendedl
inl al smalll volumel ofl urinel andl putl ontol al glassl slidel forl analysisl tol visualizel cells,l
casts,l crystals.l
Castsl arel highlyl suggestivel ofl renall disease.
QUESTION
Seruml biol markersl ofl renall function
Answer:
BMP-l includesl seruml glucose,l electrolytes,l andl metabolicl wastel products
CMPl -l includesl BMPl testl plusl measurementsl ofl liverl functionl andl bloodl proteins.
,QUESTION
bloodl ureal nitrogenl (BUN)
Answer:
10-20l mg/dL
Derivedl froml breakdownl ofl dietaryl proteinsl thatl arel removedl byl kidneys.l
Roughl indexl ofl glomerularl function.l
Lessl reliablel thanl creatininel inl estimatingl kidneyl function.
QUESTION
Whatl causesl anl increasel inl BUN?
Answer:
Impairedl renall function,l CHFl duel tol decreasedl renall perfusion,l saltl andl water,l
depletion,l shock,l G.I.l hemorrhage,l acutel MI,l stress,l exercise,l excessivel proteinl intake
QUESTION
Whatl causesl al decreasel inl BUN?
Answer:
Liverl failure,l acromegaly,l malnutrition,l anabolic,l steroids,l overl hydration,l mature,l
absorption,l syndromel ofl inappropriatel antidiureticl hormonel releasel (SIADH).
QUESTION
acromegaly
Answer:
abnormall enlargementl ofl thel extremities
QUESTION
Creatinine
, Answer:
0.6-1.2l mg/dL
Veryl specificl andl sensitivel forl renall disease.l Betterl indexl ofl glomerularl functionl thanl
BUN.l
Reflectsl dietaryl protein,l intake,l andl creatininel metabolisml ofl skeletall muscle.
Releasedl intol circulationl atl al constantl ratel orl stablel plasmal concentration.l
Itl isl notl reabsorbedl orl metabolized,l sol it'sl freelyl filteredl acrossl thel glomerulus.
Inverselyl proportionall tol GFR,l butl doesl notl detectl earlyl changesl inl filtrationl (initiall
smalll risel andl creatinine=l markedl reductionl inl GFR).
Canl onlyl bel usedl inl thel settingl ofl stablel kidneyl functionl (notl AKI).
QUESTION
Whatl increasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Impairedl renall function,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l musclel disease,l suchl asl acromegaly,l
myasthenial gravis,l muscularl dystrophy,l etc.,l CHF,l shock,l dehydration,l rhabdomyolysis.
QUESTION
Whatl decreasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Smalll stature,l decreasedl musclel mass,l severel liver,l disease,l inadequate,l dietary,l andl
dietaryl intake
QUESTION
BUN/Creatininel Ratio
Answer:
10:1l tol 20:1
Betweenl 12l andl 20l =l normal
Whenl BUNl orl creatininel isl elevated,l itl canl helpl determinel whetherl azotemial (elevatedl
BUNl orl Cr)l isl pre-renal,l intrinsic,l orl postl renal
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Seruml Creatinine
Answer:
Aboutl 0.6-1.2l mg/dL
0.7-1.3mg/dLl inl males
0.5-1.1mg/dLl inl females
QUESTION
Seruml BUN
Answer:
6-20mg/dL
QUESTION
BUN/creatininel ratio
Answer:
10:1-20:1
>30:1l indicativel ofl UGIb
Lowl ratiol indicativel ofl LGIB
,QUESTION
Renall Functionl Tests
Answer:
Urinalysisl andl microscopyl (urinel examination)
Electrolytesl andl metabolicl wastel (seruml chemistry)
Seruml chloridel andl carbonl dioxidel (acidl -l basel balance)
Urinel concentrationl andl dilutionl (tubularl function)
Filtrationl ofl functioningl nephronsl (glomerularl filtration)
QUESTION
Urinel dipstick/urinalysis
Answer:
Differentiatingl etiologyl ofl urinaryl symptomologyl (i.e.l dysuria,l polyuria,l hematuria,l etc.)l
inl conjunctionl withl P.l E.
QUESTION
Urinel microscopy
Answer:
Urinel isl centrifugedl tol causel sedimentl tol precipitate.l Thisl sedimentl isl thenl resuspendedl
inl al smalll volumel ofl urinel andl putl ontol al glassl slidel forl analysisl tol visualizel cells,l
casts,l crystals.l
Castsl arel highlyl suggestivel ofl renall disease.
QUESTION
Seruml biol markersl ofl renall function
Answer:
BMP-l includesl seruml glucose,l electrolytes,l andl metabolicl wastel products
CMPl -l includesl BMPl testl plusl measurementsl ofl liverl functionl andl bloodl proteins.
,QUESTION
bloodl ureal nitrogenl (BUN)
Answer:
10-20l mg/dL
Derivedl froml breakdownl ofl dietaryl proteinsl thatl arel removedl byl kidneys.l
Roughl indexl ofl glomerularl function.l
Lessl reliablel thanl creatininel inl estimatingl kidneyl function.
QUESTION
Whatl causesl anl increasel inl BUN?
Answer:
Impairedl renall function,l CHFl duel tol decreasedl renall perfusion,l saltl andl water,l
depletion,l shock,l G.I.l hemorrhage,l acutel MI,l stress,l exercise,l excessivel proteinl intake
QUESTION
Whatl causesl al decreasel inl BUN?
Answer:
Liverl failure,l acromegaly,l malnutrition,l anabolic,l steroids,l overl hydration,l mature,l
absorption,l syndromel ofl inappropriatel antidiureticl hormonel releasel (SIADH).
QUESTION
acromegaly
Answer:
abnormall enlargementl ofl thel extremities
QUESTION
Creatinine
, Answer:
0.6-1.2l mg/dL
Veryl specificl andl sensitivel forl renall disease.l Betterl indexl ofl glomerularl functionl thanl
BUN.l
Reflectsl dietaryl protein,l intake,l andl creatininel metabolisml ofl skeletall muscle.
Releasedl intol circulationl atl al constantl ratel orl stablel plasmal concentration.l
Itl isl notl reabsorbedl orl metabolized,l sol it'sl freelyl filteredl acrossl thel glomerulus.
Inverselyl proportionall tol GFR,l butl doesl notl detectl earlyl changesl inl filtrationl (initiall
smalll risel andl creatinine=l markedl reductionl inl GFR).
Canl onlyl bel usedl inl thel settingl ofl stablel kidneyl functionl (notl AKI).
QUESTION
Whatl increasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Impairedl renall function,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l musclel disease,l suchl asl acromegaly,l
myasthenial gravis,l muscularl dystrophy,l etc.,l CHF,l shock,l dehydration,l rhabdomyolysis.
QUESTION
Whatl decreasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Smalll stature,l decreasedl musclel mass,l severel liver,l disease,l inadequate,l dietary,l andl
dietaryl intake
QUESTION
BUN/Creatininel Ratio
Answer:
10:1l tol 20:1
Betweenl 12l andl 20l =l normal
Whenl BUNl orl creatininel isl elevated,l itl canl helpl determinel whetherl azotemial (elevatedl
BUNl orl Cr)l isl pre-renal,l intrinsic,l orl postl renal
