Anthropology Final Exam (100+ Questions) | Human Evolution, Primates, Hominins, Fossils & Tool Cultures | 2025

This expertly curated final exam guide features over 100 fully answered and updated questions from Anthropology 2025/2026, offering a deep dive into human evolution, primate taxonomy, fossil evidence, and cultural development. It provides clear, structured definitions and comparisons for exam success in biological anthropology. The document covers essential evolutionary concepts such as phylogenetics, speciation, sexual dimorphism, and major geological eras (Paleocene through Pleistocene). Students will learn about key fossil taxa—including Australopithecus, Ardipithecus, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens—with important case studies like Lucy, the Taung Child, Laetoli footprints, and Homo floresiensis. Further topics include bipedalism theories (provisioning, foraging), the rise of tool industries (Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian), brain size evolution, cranial morphology, and cultural transitions (e.g. Upper Paleolithic art, composite tools). The guide also covers human migration and replacement models (Multiregional, Complete, and Partial Replacement). Relevant for: – Students in Anthropology, Archaeology, Evolutionary Biology, or Paleontology – Courses on Human Origins, Biological Anthropology, Human Evolution, or Fossil Hominins – Learners preparing for finals in introductory or intermediate anthropology programs This document is ideal for mastering complex timelines, evolutionary relationships, and anatomical distinctions—crucial for both written exams and conceptual coursework. Keywords: phylogenetics, speciation, bipedalism, australopithecus, ardipithecus, homo erectus, homo heidelbergensis, neanderthals, AMH, Laetoli, Taung Child, Lucy, Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian, brain size, cranial capacity, sagittal keel, supraorbital torus, fossil record, Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Homo floresiensis, multiregional model, replacement theory