Kuby Immunology EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS||100%
GUARANTEED PASS||ALREADY
GRADED A+||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<LATEST VERSION>
Immunity - ANSWER ✓ a state of protection from infectious disease
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that are membrane or
endosomal proteins that share a common structural element in their extracellular
regions called leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). When bound to PAMPs or DAMPs via
LRRs, they are induced to dimerize as a hetero or homodimer. When bound to
bacterial PAMPs they stimulate production of antimicrobial proteins and
cytokines. When bound to viral PAMPs, they inhibit the replication of the virus.
Do not induce phagocytosis.
NF-κB - ANSWER ✓ Transcription factor that is key for activating the expression
of many innate and inflammatory genes.
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) - ANSWER ✓ Transcription factors induced
by signaling downstream of pattern-recognition, interferon, and other receptors that
activate interferon genes.
TIR Domain - ANSWER ✓ The particular signal transduction pathway activated
by a TLR dimer following a PAMP or DAMP bind to the LRR extracellular
domain is largely determined by this protein adaptor on the cytoplasmic side of the
TLR.
MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88) - ANSWER ✓ Initiates a signaling
pathway that activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and also recruits IRAK1
and IRAK4.
TRAF6 (Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6) - ANSWER ✓
Creates a scaffold that as an organizing center for subsequent signaling
components.
, C-Type Lectin Receptor (CLR) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that activate innate
and inflammatory responses and are expressed on monocytes, macrophages,
dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells and T-cell subsets. Recognized carbohydrate
components of extracellular pathogens and then trigger signaling pathways that
activate transcription factors, which in turn induce effector gene expression.
NOD-Like Receptor (NLR) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that binds to PAMPs
from the cytosol and alert cells to damage or danger.
NOD1 and NOD2 - ANSWER ✓ Cytosolic NLRs that bind breakdown products
of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.
Autophagy - ANSWER ✓ Activated by NOD1 and NOD2, this process eliminates
cytosolic bacteria by surrounding the bacteria with the membrane from the ER and
then fuse with the lysosomes that kills the bacteria.
Caspases - ANSWER ✓ Convert the inactive large precursor forms (procytokines)
of the important cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into the smaller, mature forms that are
secreted by activated cells. Can also induce the death of the activated macrophage.
Pyroptosis - ANSWER ✓ The induced killing of cells such as macrophages by
caspase-1-activated gasdermin D to release cytokines.
AIM2-Like Receptors (ALRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that are cytosolic
receptors that bind dsDNA molecules from bacteria and viruses. Contain a amino
(N)-terminal PYD and one or two copies of HIN on the carboxy (C) terminus
which acts as the DNA-binding unit of the receptor.
RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that binds to viral
dsRNA in the cytosol. Trigger signaling pathways that activate IRFs and NF-κB,
inducing the expression of interferons and cytokines.
Oxidative Burst - ANSWER ✓ Cellular metabolism is shifted to produce large
amounts of noxious chemicals, which are located in the phagolysosomes of
macrophages and neutrophils and are highly toxic to the phagoctyosed microbes.
, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) - ANSWER ✓ A cytokine produced primarily by
macrophages that induces local vasodilation and promotes clotting in nearby
capillaries.
Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - ANSWER ✓ Calor (heat), Rubor (redness),
Tumor (swelling), and Dolor (pain).
Akt - ANSWER ✓ A protein kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates molecules
that promote apoptosis, leading to an increased life span of antigen-activated
lymphocytes.
Interferons α and β - ANSWER ✓ Produced by virus infected cells, macrophages,
dendritic cells and NK cells. These inhibit virus replication, activate NK cells, and
regulate activity of macrophages and T cells.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (pDC) - ANSWER ✓ Produces type I IFNs and
endocytose virus that has bound to various cell surface proteins.
Protein Kinase R (PKR) - ANSWER ✓ Binds and is activeated by dsRNA. It then
blocks viral (and cellular) protien synthesis by inhibiting the translation initiation
factor eIF2α.
2',5'-Oligoadenylate A Synthetase (OAS) - ANSWER ✓ Binds cytosolic dsRNA,
which activates it from aTP. Then binds RNase L and induces it to degrade viral
RNA.
Mx Group Proteins - ANSWER ✓ Inhibit both the transcription of viral genes into
mRNAs and the assembly of virus particles.
IFN-Induced Proteins with Tetratricopeptide Repeats (IFIT) - ANSWER ✓
Proteins that bind dsRNA, blocking viral RNA translation. Can also bind and
inactivate the eIF3 translation initiation factor.
Multiple Sclerosis - ANSWER ✓ A T-cell mediated autoimmune disease with
inflammatory involvement, by inhibiting production of proinflammatory cytokines,
including IL-1 and others produced by T-cells.
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS||100%
GUARANTEED PASS||ALREADY
GRADED A+||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<LATEST VERSION>
Immunity - ANSWER ✓ a state of protection from infectious disease
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that are membrane or
endosomal proteins that share a common structural element in their extracellular
regions called leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). When bound to PAMPs or DAMPs via
LRRs, they are induced to dimerize as a hetero or homodimer. When bound to
bacterial PAMPs they stimulate production of antimicrobial proteins and
cytokines. When bound to viral PAMPs, they inhibit the replication of the virus.
Do not induce phagocytosis.
NF-κB - ANSWER ✓ Transcription factor that is key for activating the expression
of many innate and inflammatory genes.
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) - ANSWER ✓ Transcription factors induced
by signaling downstream of pattern-recognition, interferon, and other receptors that
activate interferon genes.
TIR Domain - ANSWER ✓ The particular signal transduction pathway activated
by a TLR dimer following a PAMP or DAMP bind to the LRR extracellular
domain is largely determined by this protein adaptor on the cytoplasmic side of the
TLR.
MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88) - ANSWER ✓ Initiates a signaling
pathway that activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and also recruits IRAK1
and IRAK4.
TRAF6 (Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6) - ANSWER ✓
Creates a scaffold that as an organizing center for subsequent signaling
components.
, C-Type Lectin Receptor (CLR) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that activate innate
and inflammatory responses and are expressed on monocytes, macrophages,
dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells and T-cell subsets. Recognized carbohydrate
components of extracellular pathogens and then trigger signaling pathways that
activate transcription factors, which in turn induce effector gene expression.
NOD-Like Receptor (NLR) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that binds to PAMPs
from the cytosol and alert cells to damage or danger.
NOD1 and NOD2 - ANSWER ✓ Cytosolic NLRs that bind breakdown products
of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.
Autophagy - ANSWER ✓ Activated by NOD1 and NOD2, this process eliminates
cytosolic bacteria by surrounding the bacteria with the membrane from the ER and
then fuse with the lysosomes that kills the bacteria.
Caspases - ANSWER ✓ Convert the inactive large precursor forms (procytokines)
of the important cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into the smaller, mature forms that are
secreted by activated cells. Can also induce the death of the activated macrophage.
Pyroptosis - ANSWER ✓ The induced killing of cells such as macrophages by
caspase-1-activated gasdermin D to release cytokines.
AIM2-Like Receptors (ALRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that are cytosolic
receptors that bind dsDNA molecules from bacteria and viruses. Contain a amino
(N)-terminal PYD and one or two copies of HIN on the carboxy (C) terminus
which acts as the DNA-binding unit of the receptor.
RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) - ANSWER ✓ A type of PRR that binds to viral
dsRNA in the cytosol. Trigger signaling pathways that activate IRFs and NF-κB,
inducing the expression of interferons and cytokines.
Oxidative Burst - ANSWER ✓ Cellular metabolism is shifted to produce large
amounts of noxious chemicals, which are located in the phagolysosomes of
macrophages and neutrophils and are highly toxic to the phagoctyosed microbes.
, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) - ANSWER ✓ A cytokine produced primarily by
macrophages that induces local vasodilation and promotes clotting in nearby
capillaries.
Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - ANSWER ✓ Calor (heat), Rubor (redness),
Tumor (swelling), and Dolor (pain).
Akt - ANSWER ✓ A protein kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates molecules
that promote apoptosis, leading to an increased life span of antigen-activated
lymphocytes.
Interferons α and β - ANSWER ✓ Produced by virus infected cells, macrophages,
dendritic cells and NK cells. These inhibit virus replication, activate NK cells, and
regulate activity of macrophages and T cells.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (pDC) - ANSWER ✓ Produces type I IFNs and
endocytose virus that has bound to various cell surface proteins.
Protein Kinase R (PKR) - ANSWER ✓ Binds and is activeated by dsRNA. It then
blocks viral (and cellular) protien synthesis by inhibiting the translation initiation
factor eIF2α.
2',5'-Oligoadenylate A Synthetase (OAS) - ANSWER ✓ Binds cytosolic dsRNA,
which activates it from aTP. Then binds RNase L and induces it to degrade viral
RNA.
Mx Group Proteins - ANSWER ✓ Inhibit both the transcription of viral genes into
mRNAs and the assembly of virus particles.
IFN-Induced Proteins with Tetratricopeptide Repeats (IFIT) - ANSWER ✓
Proteins that bind dsRNA, blocking viral RNA translation. Can also bind and
inactivate the eIF3 translation initiation factor.
Multiple Sclerosis - ANSWER ✓ A T-cell mediated autoimmune disease with
inflammatory involvement, by inhibiting production of proinflammatory cytokines,
including IL-1 and others produced by T-cells.
