TEST BANK for McCance & Huether's
Pathophysiology 9th Edition questions
and answers
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which component of the cell
prodNuUceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOMperoxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially
destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-
protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi
complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which
catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 8
2. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic
absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances
from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their
descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
3. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained
in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
1|Page
,ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the
histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a
cell’s genetic information.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is
released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi complex d. Lysosomes
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful
digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their
leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various
treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which
can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The
other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 7-8
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by
the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to
the cell membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
membrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
membrane.
ANS: A
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
NURSINGTB.COM
PTS: 1 REF: Page 7 | Figure 1-5
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap),
which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA
synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in
2|Page
,the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis
occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase
(M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes
by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive
active pumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances
moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various
electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for
amino acids and monosaccharides; and
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping
concentrations of other ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the
concentrations found in the extracellular environment. The other options do not
correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 13 | Page 15
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-
mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug
therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing
drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many
human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
disorders. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 15
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells
across the plasma membrane? NURSINGTB.COM
a. Carbohydrate chains c. Membrane channel proteins
b. Glycoprotein channels d. Lipid bilayer
ANS: D
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that
dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily
core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and
hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen
(O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. The other options do
not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 12-13
3|Page
, 10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
a. How a cell membrane functions
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid
c. How tissue is differentiated
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
ANS: A
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The
remaining options do not explain the mosaic model.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 12 | What's New box
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell
itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: A
Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example,
insulin. Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–
bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in
direct physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication
to cells some distance away?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormonal
ANS: D
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical
mediator, (2) hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator
model, the secreted chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment.
Hormones are used for communication with distant
targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and rely
on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally,
neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For
example, a neuron might secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a
muscle cell.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are
quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormone
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
4|Page
Pathophysiology 9th Edition questions
and answers
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which component of the cell
prodNuUceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOMperoxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially
destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-
protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi
complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which
catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 8
2. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic
absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances
from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their
descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
3. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained
in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
1|Page
,ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the
histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a
cell’s genetic information.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is
released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi complex d. Lysosomes
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful
digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their
leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various
treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which
can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The
other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 7-8
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by
the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to
the cell membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
membrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
membrane.
ANS: A
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
NURSINGTB.COM
PTS: 1 REF: Page 7 | Figure 1-5
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap),
which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA
synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in
2|Page
,the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis
occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase
(M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes
by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive
active pumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances
moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various
electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for
amino acids and monosaccharides; and
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping
concentrations of other ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the
concentrations found in the extracellular environment. The other options do not
correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 13 | Page 15
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-
mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug
therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing
drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many
human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
disorders. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 15
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells
across the plasma membrane? NURSINGTB.COM
a. Carbohydrate chains c. Membrane channel proteins
b. Glycoprotein channels d. Lipid bilayer
ANS: D
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that
dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily
core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and
hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen
(O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. The other options do
not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 12-13
3|Page
, 10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
a. How a cell membrane functions
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid
c. How tissue is differentiated
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
ANS: A
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The
remaining options do not explain the mosaic model.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 12 | What's New box
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell
itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: A
Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example,
insulin. Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–
bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in
direct physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication
to cells some distance away?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormonal
ANS: D
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical
mediator, (2) hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator
model, the secreted chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment.
Hormones are used for communication with distant
targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and rely
on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally,
neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For
example, a neuron might secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a
muscle cell.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are
quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormone
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
4|Page
