TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-19 &
Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam
Preparation| All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
Fr
an
kl
yn
e
A
pl
us
Pa
ss
, Chapter 01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen,
the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor).
The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
was shown to be correct.
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
Fr
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
an
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
kl
autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
yn
e
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use
of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
A
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
pl
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
us
Pa
ss
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology,
how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine
must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
development of B cells.
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
antigens.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body
is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
Fr
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
an
Is mediated by what cells?
What do they recognize?
kl
How are the receptors encoded?
yn
Why can't they control all infections alone?
e
What do they do in response to antigen?
A
pl
us
Pa
ss
,CORRECT ANSWER:
Adaptive
Innate Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages, NK
Is mediated by T cells and B
cells, neutrophils,
what cells? cells
mast cells eosinophils
What do they Specific
Pathogen patterns
recognize? epitopes
How are the
Rearranged
receptors Germ line
gene segments
encoded?
Why can't they
Pathogens evolve Takes too long
control all
escape mechanisms to develop
infections alone?
What do they do Produce
Engulf and destroy,
in response to antibodies, kill
induce inflammation
antigen? infected cells
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
experiencing an inflammatory response.
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
pressure if more severe.
Fr
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
immune from future bites of the same species?
an
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against
the venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity
kl
does not generate long-lived memory cells.
yn
e
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
A
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
pl
The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
us
Pa
ss
,13. Given that an important function of the immune system is to both recognize and dispose of cancerous
cells, postulate why tumors can be established in a human host.
CORRECT ANSWER: There are two primary reasons. First, cancerous cells are self-originating, thus
self-tolerance mechanisms can inhibit the development of an effective immune response. Second, as is
common with some pathogens, genetic variability within a population of cancer cells gives them an
advantage in terms of evading the immune response.
14. The hygiene hypothesis posits that there is a connection between environmental conditions and certain
inappropriate immune responses. If you were a supporter of the hygiene hypothesis, what
recommendations would you make to keep people healthier?
CORRECT ANSWER: Expose children to more common antigens found in dirt and in the outdoors.
Reduce use of antimicrobials.
15. Which is the BEST definition of "immunity"?
a. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly
b. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen
c. When an individual has never been exposed to a pathogen
d. When the immune system is activated
e. When physical barriers are not enough to prevent infection
CORRECT ANSWER: b
Fr
16. What happens to a pathogen as it becomes attenuated?
an
a. It becomes more dangerous to the host.
kl
b. It gets smaller.
yn
c. It has weakened virulence.
e
d. It becomes older.
A
e. All of the answers are correct.
pl
CORRECT ANSWER: c
us
Pa
ss
,17. Which of the following advances can be credited to progress made in our understanding of
immunology?
a. Smallpox eradication
b. Treatment of asthma
c. Ability to transplant human organs
d. Cancer treatment
e. All of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
18. Which of the following is the BEST example of herd immunity?
a. A child infected with measles travels from Germany to the United States. Several babies contract
the disease, but the outbreak is largely contained due to vaccinations.
b. Certain populations of cattle are less susceptible to infection with encephalitis because of their
genetic makeup.
c. Once a certain threshold of individuals has been infected with a novel human pathogen, it is
unlikely that any more will be.
d. Geese and chickens are infected with different strains of influenza because they express different
receptors on their cell surface.
e. When infection spreads through a population, certain individuals generate stronger immune
responses than others.
Fr
CORRECT ANSWER: a
an
19. Which of the following diseases does NOT currently have an effective vaccine?
kl
a. Chicken pox
yn
b. Polio
e
c. HIV
A
d. Smallpox
pl
e. Diptheria
us
CORRECT ANSWER: c
Pa
ss
,20. Which cells are MOST likely responsible for the intense response to Antigen A following a second
exposure?
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Memory T cells
d. Memory B cells
e. Both memory T cells and memory B cells are responsible.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
21. Effectors of the humoral immune system are known as
Fr
a. antibodies.
an
b. immunoglobulin.
kl
c. complement.
yn
d. B cells.
e. All of the answers are correct.
e
A
CORRECT ANSWER: e
pl
22. Which of the following cell types are lymphocytes?
us
a. Macrophages
Pa
ss
,b. Mast cells
c. Neutrophils
d. Erythrocytes
e. T cells
CORRECT ANSWER: e
23. Which of the following is TRUE about antigens?
a. They are always derived from pathogens.
b. They are always proteins.
c. They are recognized by T cells or B cells.
d. They must be microbial in origin.
e. They usually cause cellular damage.
CORRECT ANSWER: c
24. Which of the following is a fungal pathogen?
a. Vibrio cholera
b. Leishmania major
c. Poliovirus
Fr
d. Candida albicans
an
e. Bordetella pertussis CORRECT ANSWER: d
kl
yn
25. True or False? Overall, the human immune system views microbes as pathogens.
e
a. True
A
b. False
pl
CORRECT ANSWER: b
us
Pa
ss
,26. Which of the following factors has been shown as potentially impacting immune homeostasis in favor
of inflammation?
a. Diet
b. Stress
c. Microbiome composition
d. All of the answers are correct.
e. None of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: d
27. Many of the ideas raised by Ehrlich's conception of selective theory were true. Which of the following
ideas (if any) were later shown to be FALSE?
a. Interaction between a cell-bound receptor and pathogen could induce the cell to proliferate.
b. The specificity of receptors was determined in the host prior to exposure to a foreign antigen.
c. The antigen selected the appropriate receptor in a specific manner.
d. The binding of a receptor to an infectious agent was like the fit between a lock and a key.
e. All the ideas listed were shown to be true.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
28. Which of the following cell types is MOST commonly associated with recognizing antigens found
Fr
inside of cells?
an
a. Macrophages
kl
b. B cells
yn
c. TH cells
d. CTLs
e
e. Antibodies
A
CORRECT ANSWER: d
pl
us
29. Which of the following classes of cell surface receptors are directly encoded in the germ line?
Pa
ss
,a. TCR
b. BCR
c. PRR
d. Antibodies
e. All of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: c
30. What is the central mechanism for establishing self-tolerance?
a. Self-reactive T cells and B cells are killed during development.
b. Individuals that have immune systems that respond to self-antigens do not survive to reproduce.
c. Immune cells that react to self-antigens are turned off when they recognize self-tissues.
d. Certain immune suppressive cytokines are maintained in tissues to dampen auto reactive immune
responses.
e. Peripheral tissues have mechanisms to kill T or B cells that respond to them.
CORRECT ANSWER: a
31. Which of the following BEST describes chemokines?
a. Membrane receptors that detect the presence of soluble messengers in the environment
Fr
b. Soluble proteins that recruit specific cells to an area
an
c. Chemical messengers that induce cell differentiation
d. Transcription factors that induce the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion
kl
e. Adhesion molecules that bind to the inside of blood vessels
yn
CORRECT ANSWER: b
e
A
32. Which of the following statements BEST differentiates innate and adaptive immune responses?
pl
a. Innate responses are stronger during the primary and less important during the secondary
us
response, whereas adaptive responses are less robust during primary responses and stronger during
secondary responses.
Pa
ss
Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam
Preparation| All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
Fr
an
kl
yn
e
A
pl
us
Pa
ss
, Chapter 01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen,
the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor).
The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
was shown to be correct.
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
Fr
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
an
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
kl
autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
yn
e
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use
of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
A
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
pl
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
us
Pa
ss
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology,
how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine
must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
development of B cells.
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
antigens.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body
is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
Fr
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
an
Is mediated by what cells?
What do they recognize?
kl
How are the receptors encoded?
yn
Why can't they control all infections alone?
e
What do they do in response to antigen?
A
pl
us
Pa
ss
,CORRECT ANSWER:
Adaptive
Innate Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages, NK
Is mediated by T cells and B
cells, neutrophils,
what cells? cells
mast cells eosinophils
What do they Specific
Pathogen patterns
recognize? epitopes
How are the
Rearranged
receptors Germ line
gene segments
encoded?
Why can't they
Pathogens evolve Takes too long
control all
escape mechanisms to develop
infections alone?
What do they do Produce
Engulf and destroy,
in response to antibodies, kill
induce inflammation
antigen? infected cells
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
experiencing an inflammatory response.
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
pressure if more severe.
Fr
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
immune from future bites of the same species?
an
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against
the venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity
kl
does not generate long-lived memory cells.
yn
e
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
A
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
pl
The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
us
Pa
ss
,13. Given that an important function of the immune system is to both recognize and dispose of cancerous
cells, postulate why tumors can be established in a human host.
CORRECT ANSWER: There are two primary reasons. First, cancerous cells are self-originating, thus
self-tolerance mechanisms can inhibit the development of an effective immune response. Second, as is
common with some pathogens, genetic variability within a population of cancer cells gives them an
advantage in terms of evading the immune response.
14. The hygiene hypothesis posits that there is a connection between environmental conditions and certain
inappropriate immune responses. If you were a supporter of the hygiene hypothesis, what
recommendations would you make to keep people healthier?
CORRECT ANSWER: Expose children to more common antigens found in dirt and in the outdoors.
Reduce use of antimicrobials.
15. Which is the BEST definition of "immunity"?
a. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly
b. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen
c. When an individual has never been exposed to a pathogen
d. When the immune system is activated
e. When physical barriers are not enough to prevent infection
CORRECT ANSWER: b
Fr
16. What happens to a pathogen as it becomes attenuated?
an
a. It becomes more dangerous to the host.
kl
b. It gets smaller.
yn
c. It has weakened virulence.
e
d. It becomes older.
A
e. All of the answers are correct.
pl
CORRECT ANSWER: c
us
Pa
ss
,17. Which of the following advances can be credited to progress made in our understanding of
immunology?
a. Smallpox eradication
b. Treatment of asthma
c. Ability to transplant human organs
d. Cancer treatment
e. All of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
18. Which of the following is the BEST example of herd immunity?
a. A child infected with measles travels from Germany to the United States. Several babies contract
the disease, but the outbreak is largely contained due to vaccinations.
b. Certain populations of cattle are less susceptible to infection with encephalitis because of their
genetic makeup.
c. Once a certain threshold of individuals has been infected with a novel human pathogen, it is
unlikely that any more will be.
d. Geese and chickens are infected with different strains of influenza because they express different
receptors on their cell surface.
e. When infection spreads through a population, certain individuals generate stronger immune
responses than others.
Fr
CORRECT ANSWER: a
an
19. Which of the following diseases does NOT currently have an effective vaccine?
kl
a. Chicken pox
yn
b. Polio
e
c. HIV
A
d. Smallpox
pl
e. Diptheria
us
CORRECT ANSWER: c
Pa
ss
,20. Which cells are MOST likely responsible for the intense response to Antigen A following a second
exposure?
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Memory T cells
d. Memory B cells
e. Both memory T cells and memory B cells are responsible.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
21. Effectors of the humoral immune system are known as
Fr
a. antibodies.
an
b. immunoglobulin.
kl
c. complement.
yn
d. B cells.
e. All of the answers are correct.
e
A
CORRECT ANSWER: e
pl
22. Which of the following cell types are lymphocytes?
us
a. Macrophages
Pa
ss
,b. Mast cells
c. Neutrophils
d. Erythrocytes
e. T cells
CORRECT ANSWER: e
23. Which of the following is TRUE about antigens?
a. They are always derived from pathogens.
b. They are always proteins.
c. They are recognized by T cells or B cells.
d. They must be microbial in origin.
e. They usually cause cellular damage.
CORRECT ANSWER: c
24. Which of the following is a fungal pathogen?
a. Vibrio cholera
b. Leishmania major
c. Poliovirus
Fr
d. Candida albicans
an
e. Bordetella pertussis CORRECT ANSWER: d
kl
yn
25. True or False? Overall, the human immune system views microbes as pathogens.
e
a. True
A
b. False
pl
CORRECT ANSWER: b
us
Pa
ss
,26. Which of the following factors has been shown as potentially impacting immune homeostasis in favor
of inflammation?
a. Diet
b. Stress
c. Microbiome composition
d. All of the answers are correct.
e. None of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: d
27. Many of the ideas raised by Ehrlich's conception of selective theory were true. Which of the following
ideas (if any) were later shown to be FALSE?
a. Interaction between a cell-bound receptor and pathogen could induce the cell to proliferate.
b. The specificity of receptors was determined in the host prior to exposure to a foreign antigen.
c. The antigen selected the appropriate receptor in a specific manner.
d. The binding of a receptor to an infectious agent was like the fit between a lock and a key.
e. All the ideas listed were shown to be true.
CORRECT ANSWER: e
28. Which of the following cell types is MOST commonly associated with recognizing antigens found
Fr
inside of cells?
an
a. Macrophages
kl
b. B cells
yn
c. TH cells
d. CTLs
e
e. Antibodies
A
CORRECT ANSWER: d
pl
us
29. Which of the following classes of cell surface receptors are directly encoded in the germ line?
Pa
ss
,a. TCR
b. BCR
c. PRR
d. Antibodies
e. All of the answers are correct.
CORRECT ANSWER: c
30. What is the central mechanism for establishing self-tolerance?
a. Self-reactive T cells and B cells are killed during development.
b. Individuals that have immune systems that respond to self-antigens do not survive to reproduce.
c. Immune cells that react to self-antigens are turned off when they recognize self-tissues.
d. Certain immune suppressive cytokines are maintained in tissues to dampen auto reactive immune
responses.
e. Peripheral tissues have mechanisms to kill T or B cells that respond to them.
CORRECT ANSWER: a
31. Which of the following BEST describes chemokines?
a. Membrane receptors that detect the presence of soluble messengers in the environment
Fr
b. Soluble proteins that recruit specific cells to an area
an
c. Chemical messengers that induce cell differentiation
d. Transcription factors that induce the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion
kl
e. Adhesion molecules that bind to the inside of blood vessels
yn
CORRECT ANSWER: b
e
A
32. Which of the following statements BEST differentiates innate and adaptive immune responses?
pl
a. Innate responses are stronger during the primary and less important during the secondary
us
response, whereas adaptive responses are less robust during primary responses and stronger during
secondary responses.
Pa
ss
