NURS 6030 Exam 4 – Combined Questions With Complete
Solutions
What is the role of glucagon?
Act on the liver to increase blood glucose levels/maintain blood
glucose between meals.
What cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells of pancreas
What triggers the release of glucagon?
low blood glucose levels, strenuous exercise, stress
What is type 1 diabetes?
absolute insulin deficiency
What does a lack of insulin result in?
high blood serum levels
What is type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance and/or secretion problems
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetics can not make insulin; type 2 diabetics can
make insulin, their body just can't use it effectively.
What are the 2 subtypes of type 1 diabetes?
,1A (autoimmune) and 1B (idiopathic)
What are the risk factors/causes of type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune, genetics, age (peak onset 11-13 years)
What signs/symptoms does someone with type 1 diabetes
exhibit?
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue
What is polydipsia?
excessive thirst
What is polyuria?
excessive urination
What is polyphagia?
excessive hunger
What does someone with type 1 diabetes typically look like?
normal to underweight, young, Caucasian
What are the risk factors/causes of type 2 diabetes?
obesity, metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, age (risk
increases after 40), genetics
What signs/symptoms does someone with type 2 diabetes
exhibit?
,polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, recurrent infections, visual
changes, neuropathy, paresthesias
What does someone with type 2 diabetes typically look like?
overweight, older
Why does someone with diabetes mellitus experience polyuria?
Hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic; the amount of
glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys exceeds the
amount that can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
Why does someone with diabetes mellitus experience
polydipsia?
Intracellular dehydration and hypothalamic stimulation of thirst.
What 2 processes that occur as a result of hyperglycemia lead to
cell/tissue damage?
polyol pathway & advanced glycation
When a patient is hyperglycemic what do the kidneys, blood
vessels, eyes, and nerves do to compensate with the extra
glucose?
they use the polyol pathway to process the glucose
What is the polyol pathway?
alternative metabolic pathway for tissues that do not require
insulin for glucose transport
, end result: leads to neuropathy and eye disease
How does the polyol pathway affect the cells/tissues?
Accumulation of sorbitol inside the cell attracts water, causing
cellular swelling and dysfunction.
How does the polyol pathway contribute to oxidative injury of
the cells and tissues?
reduces levels of the antioxidant glutathione
Which cells/tissues are primarily impacted by the polyol
pathyway?
kidneys, blood vessels, eyes, nerves
What is advanced glycation?
The irreversible binding of a protein molecule to a glucose
molecule.
glycation always occurs, it becomes 'advanced' when it is
irreversible
Why does advanced glycation cause cell/tissue damage?
altered circulation/blood flow to tissues, altered cell signaling
What are ketones?
by-product of fat metabolism found in blood and urine
Are ketones acidic or basic?
Solutions
What is the role of glucagon?
Act on the liver to increase blood glucose levels/maintain blood
glucose between meals.
What cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells of pancreas
What triggers the release of glucagon?
low blood glucose levels, strenuous exercise, stress
What is type 1 diabetes?
absolute insulin deficiency
What does a lack of insulin result in?
high blood serum levels
What is type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance and/or secretion problems
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetics can not make insulin; type 2 diabetics can
make insulin, their body just can't use it effectively.
What are the 2 subtypes of type 1 diabetes?
,1A (autoimmune) and 1B (idiopathic)
What are the risk factors/causes of type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune, genetics, age (peak onset 11-13 years)
What signs/symptoms does someone with type 1 diabetes
exhibit?
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue
What is polydipsia?
excessive thirst
What is polyuria?
excessive urination
What is polyphagia?
excessive hunger
What does someone with type 1 diabetes typically look like?
normal to underweight, young, Caucasian
What are the risk factors/causes of type 2 diabetes?
obesity, metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, age (risk
increases after 40), genetics
What signs/symptoms does someone with type 2 diabetes
exhibit?
,polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, recurrent infections, visual
changes, neuropathy, paresthesias
What does someone with type 2 diabetes typically look like?
overweight, older
Why does someone with diabetes mellitus experience polyuria?
Hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic; the amount of
glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys exceeds the
amount that can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
Why does someone with diabetes mellitus experience
polydipsia?
Intracellular dehydration and hypothalamic stimulation of thirst.
What 2 processes that occur as a result of hyperglycemia lead to
cell/tissue damage?
polyol pathway & advanced glycation
When a patient is hyperglycemic what do the kidneys, blood
vessels, eyes, and nerves do to compensate with the extra
glucose?
they use the polyol pathway to process the glucose
What is the polyol pathway?
alternative metabolic pathway for tissues that do not require
insulin for glucose transport
, end result: leads to neuropathy and eye disease
How does the polyol pathway affect the cells/tissues?
Accumulation of sorbitol inside the cell attracts water, causing
cellular swelling and dysfunction.
How does the polyol pathway contribute to oxidative injury of
the cells and tissues?
reduces levels of the antioxidant glutathione
Which cells/tissues are primarily impacted by the polyol
pathyway?
kidneys, blood vessels, eyes, nerves
What is advanced glycation?
The irreversible binding of a protein molecule to a glucose
molecule.
glycation always occurs, it becomes 'advanced' when it is
irreversible
Why does advanced glycation cause cell/tissue damage?
altered circulation/blood flow to tissues, altered cell signaling
What are ketones?
by-product of fat metabolism found in blood and urine
Are ketones acidic or basic?
