A&P 2 Lecture (BIOL 2302) Exam 4
Review Questions And 100% Correct
Answers.
Digestive Processes - Answer -Ingestion
-Propulsion
-Mechanical breakdown
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Defecation
Alimentary Canal/GI Tract - Answer -Digests food and absorbs fragments
-Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Accessory Digestive Organs - Answer -Teeth, tongue, gallbladder
-Digestive glands: Salivary glands, Liver, & Pancreas
Mechanoreceptors and Chemoreceptors of the GI Tract - Answer -Respond to stretch, changes in
osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion
-Initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands and stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move
lumen contents
Short Reflexes - Answer enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) respond to stimuli in GI tract
Long Reflexes - Answer -respond to stimuli inside or outside GI tract; involve CNS centers and
autonomic nerves
-Hormones from cells in stomach and small intestine stimulate target cells in same or different organs to
secrete or contract
,Peritoneum - Answer serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum - Answer on external surface of most digestive organs
Parietal Peritoneum - Answer lines body wall
Peritoneal Cavity - Answer -Between two peritoneums
-Fluid lubricates mobile organs
Mesentery - Answer -double layer of peritoneum
-Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-Holds organs in place; stores fat
Retroperitoneal Organ - Answer posterior to peritoneum
Intraperitoneal Organs - Answer surrounded by peritoneum
Peritonitis - Answer -Inflammation of peritoneum
-Causes by piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer, ruptured appendix, etc.
-Peritoneal coverings stick together, localizing infection
-Dangerous and lethal if widespread
-Treated with debris removal and antibiotics
What arteries serve the digestive system? - Answer -Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries
-Inferior and superior mesenteric arteries
Hepatic-Portal System - Answer -Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs
-Delivers it to the liver for processing
,Mucosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Lines lumen
-Functions: secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and
protects against infectious disease
-Three sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis muco
Epithelium of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -Simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting cells
-May secrete enzymes and hormones
Mucus - Answer -Protects digestive organs from enzymes
-Eases food passage
Lamina Propria of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -Loose areolar connective tissue
-Capillaries for nourishment and absorption
-Lymphoid follicles defend against microorganisms
Muscularis Mucosae of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -smooth muscle layer that aids in local movements
of mucosa
Submucosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Areolar connective tissue
-Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis Externa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Responsible for segmentation and
peristalsis
-Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Serosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium in
most organs
-Replaced by fibrous adventitia in esophagus
-Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa
, Submucosal nerve plexus - Answer Regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
Myenteric nerve plexus - Answer Controls GI tract motility
Enteric Neurons - Answer Intrinsic nerve supply of alimentary canal
Enteric Nervous System - Answer -Linked to CNS via afferent visceral fibers
-Long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses
-Sympathetic impulses inhibit digestive activities
-Parasympathetic impulses stimulate digestive activities
Mouth - Answer -Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
-Oral orifice is anterior opening
-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oral Vestibule - Answer recess internal to lips (labia) and cheeks, external to teeth and gums
Oral Cavity Proper - Answer lies within teeth and gums
Labial Frenulum - Answer median attachment of each lip to gum
Hard Palate - Answer -palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
-Slightly corrugated to help create friction against tongue
Soft Palate - Answer -fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
-Closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
-Uvula projects downward from its free edge
Tongue - Answer -Skeletal muscle
Review Questions And 100% Correct
Answers.
Digestive Processes - Answer -Ingestion
-Propulsion
-Mechanical breakdown
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Defecation
Alimentary Canal/GI Tract - Answer -Digests food and absorbs fragments
-Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Accessory Digestive Organs - Answer -Teeth, tongue, gallbladder
-Digestive glands: Salivary glands, Liver, & Pancreas
Mechanoreceptors and Chemoreceptors of the GI Tract - Answer -Respond to stretch, changes in
osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion
-Initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands and stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move
lumen contents
Short Reflexes - Answer enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) respond to stimuli in GI tract
Long Reflexes - Answer -respond to stimuli inside or outside GI tract; involve CNS centers and
autonomic nerves
-Hormones from cells in stomach and small intestine stimulate target cells in same or different organs to
secrete or contract
,Peritoneum - Answer serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum - Answer on external surface of most digestive organs
Parietal Peritoneum - Answer lines body wall
Peritoneal Cavity - Answer -Between two peritoneums
-Fluid lubricates mobile organs
Mesentery - Answer -double layer of peritoneum
-Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-Holds organs in place; stores fat
Retroperitoneal Organ - Answer posterior to peritoneum
Intraperitoneal Organs - Answer surrounded by peritoneum
Peritonitis - Answer -Inflammation of peritoneum
-Causes by piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer, ruptured appendix, etc.
-Peritoneal coverings stick together, localizing infection
-Dangerous and lethal if widespread
-Treated with debris removal and antibiotics
What arteries serve the digestive system? - Answer -Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries
-Inferior and superior mesenteric arteries
Hepatic-Portal System - Answer -Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs
-Delivers it to the liver for processing
,Mucosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Lines lumen
-Functions: secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and
protects against infectious disease
-Three sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis muco
Epithelium of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -Simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting cells
-May secrete enzymes and hormones
Mucus - Answer -Protects digestive organs from enzymes
-Eases food passage
Lamina Propria of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -Loose areolar connective tissue
-Capillaries for nourishment and absorption
-Lymphoid follicles defend against microorganisms
Muscularis Mucosae of the Mucosa Layer - Answer -smooth muscle layer that aids in local movements
of mucosa
Submucosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Areolar connective tissue
-Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis Externa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Responsible for segmentation and
peristalsis
-Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Serosa Layer of the Alimentary Canal - Answer -Areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium in
most organs
-Replaced by fibrous adventitia in esophagus
-Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa
, Submucosal nerve plexus - Answer Regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
Myenteric nerve plexus - Answer Controls GI tract motility
Enteric Neurons - Answer Intrinsic nerve supply of alimentary canal
Enteric Nervous System - Answer -Linked to CNS via afferent visceral fibers
-Long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses
-Sympathetic impulses inhibit digestive activities
-Parasympathetic impulses stimulate digestive activities
Mouth - Answer -Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
-Oral orifice is anterior opening
-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oral Vestibule - Answer recess internal to lips (labia) and cheeks, external to teeth and gums
Oral Cavity Proper - Answer lies within teeth and gums
Labial Frenulum - Answer median attachment of each lip to gum
Hard Palate - Answer -palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
-Slightly corrugated to help create friction against tongue
Soft Palate - Answer -fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
-Closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
-Uvula projects downward from its free edge
Tongue - Answer -Skeletal muscle
