NURS 241 Exam 2 Practice Questions
and Correct Answers
Negative Feedback Loop ✅-Helps turn things on as well as turn them off. Example:
Traffic jam. You respond to a message that is already happened and may start or stop
things
-a mechanism by which a system regulates itself. ie. thermostat furnace example. Also
increased glucose and pancreas release of insulin example. Extra glucose is stored in
the liver and saved for future use.
Major Glands ✅hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenal glands
pineal body
reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
-All glands act in a similar manner. They sense a change in the body, a deviation from
homeostasis, and they release hormone, which then travels through the blood and bind
to their specific receptor and amplifies the signal in the target cell. Then the target cell
releases what the body needs. Then it is started and stopped by negative feedback.
Major Hormones Secreted by Glands ✅-estradiol
-testosterone
-insulin
-growth hormone
-epinephrine
Primary vs Secondary Disease ✅-Primary directly affects the gland
-Secondary a gland may be affected r/t another gland being affected
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) ✅-Decreased response to or decreased release of ADH
(Vasopressin/AVP)
-Can be r/t the body not producing vasopressin = Central diabetes insipidus
-Kidneys not utilizing vasopressin = nephrogenic DI
-This is an uncommon disease
Central DI ✅-damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (anything in this area can
affect ADH control i.e. brain surgery, sarcoidosis, tumor, meningitis, head injury, or
inflammation) = damage to the 'central' site of ADH regulation
-body itself is not producing the vasopressin (pituitary)
-the production, storage, and release of ADH is altered
, Nephrotic DI ✅-damage to the "end" site of ADH, the kidneys
-A defect in the kidney tubules -- the structures in your kidneys that cause water to be
excreted or reabsorbed -- will make the kidneys unable to properly respond to ADH
-Can be due to a genetic disorder of chronic kidney disorder
-Certain drugs like *lithium and demeclocycline* can cause nephrogenic DI
-kidneys are not utilizing vasopressin, IT IS present though. (there can be all of the
vasopressin in the world, but the kidneys won't respond to it)
Gestational DI ✅-Occurs ONLY during pregnancy and when an enzyme made by the
placenta destroys ADH
Drug-Related DI ✅-caused usually by *lithium* and *demeclocycline*
-these drugs interfere with the response of the kidneys to ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/AVP/Vasopressin) ✅-this is a good thing; it holds onto
water when needed
-*it is produced in the hypothalamus, and is a normally occurring hormone*
-it moves from the hypothalamus to pituitary to await being used
-released when the body is *dehydrated* to hold on to water
-concentrates the urine
-i.e. caveman and runner examples
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus ✅-*Extreme thirst (polydipsia)
-Excretion of an excessive amount of diluted urine (polyuria)*
-Nocturia (up at night to urinate)
-Bed wetting in children
-Dry Skin
-Dizziness
-Nausea
-Fatigue
-Weakness and muscle weakness
Key Features of DI ✅Cardiovascular Symptoms
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Weak peripheral pulses
• Hemoconcentration
Kidney/Urinary Symptoms
• Increased urine output
• Dilute, low specific gravity
Skin Symptoms
• Poor turgor
• Dry mucous membranes
and Correct Answers
Negative Feedback Loop ✅-Helps turn things on as well as turn them off. Example:
Traffic jam. You respond to a message that is already happened and may start or stop
things
-a mechanism by which a system regulates itself. ie. thermostat furnace example. Also
increased glucose and pancreas release of insulin example. Extra glucose is stored in
the liver and saved for future use.
Major Glands ✅hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenal glands
pineal body
reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
-All glands act in a similar manner. They sense a change in the body, a deviation from
homeostasis, and they release hormone, which then travels through the blood and bind
to their specific receptor and amplifies the signal in the target cell. Then the target cell
releases what the body needs. Then it is started and stopped by negative feedback.
Major Hormones Secreted by Glands ✅-estradiol
-testosterone
-insulin
-growth hormone
-epinephrine
Primary vs Secondary Disease ✅-Primary directly affects the gland
-Secondary a gland may be affected r/t another gland being affected
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) ✅-Decreased response to or decreased release of ADH
(Vasopressin/AVP)
-Can be r/t the body not producing vasopressin = Central diabetes insipidus
-Kidneys not utilizing vasopressin = nephrogenic DI
-This is an uncommon disease
Central DI ✅-damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (anything in this area can
affect ADH control i.e. brain surgery, sarcoidosis, tumor, meningitis, head injury, or
inflammation) = damage to the 'central' site of ADH regulation
-body itself is not producing the vasopressin (pituitary)
-the production, storage, and release of ADH is altered
, Nephrotic DI ✅-damage to the "end" site of ADH, the kidneys
-A defect in the kidney tubules -- the structures in your kidneys that cause water to be
excreted or reabsorbed -- will make the kidneys unable to properly respond to ADH
-Can be due to a genetic disorder of chronic kidney disorder
-Certain drugs like *lithium and demeclocycline* can cause nephrogenic DI
-kidneys are not utilizing vasopressin, IT IS present though. (there can be all of the
vasopressin in the world, but the kidneys won't respond to it)
Gestational DI ✅-Occurs ONLY during pregnancy and when an enzyme made by the
placenta destroys ADH
Drug-Related DI ✅-caused usually by *lithium* and *demeclocycline*
-these drugs interfere with the response of the kidneys to ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/AVP/Vasopressin) ✅-this is a good thing; it holds onto
water when needed
-*it is produced in the hypothalamus, and is a normally occurring hormone*
-it moves from the hypothalamus to pituitary to await being used
-released when the body is *dehydrated* to hold on to water
-concentrates the urine
-i.e. caveman and runner examples
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus ✅-*Extreme thirst (polydipsia)
-Excretion of an excessive amount of diluted urine (polyuria)*
-Nocturia (up at night to urinate)
-Bed wetting in children
-Dry Skin
-Dizziness
-Nausea
-Fatigue
-Weakness and muscle weakness
Key Features of DI ✅Cardiovascular Symptoms
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Weak peripheral pulses
• Hemoconcentration
Kidney/Urinary Symptoms
• Increased urine output
• Dilute, low specific gravity
Skin Symptoms
• Poor turgor
• Dry mucous membranes
