NUR 145 Module C Perfusion Review
Questions and Correct Answers
Sinoatrial (SA) node ✅pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) node ✅the secondary pacemaker of the heart (located in rt.
Atrium)
Depolarization ✅electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the
cell while potassium exits the cell
Repolarization ✅return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into
the cell while sodium exits the cell.
Refractory periods (pause) ✅1) effective (absolute) refractory period: the cell is
completely unresposive to any electrical stimulus; it is incapable of initiating an early
depolarization
2) relative refractory period: if an electrical stimulus is stronger than normal, the cell may
depolarize prematurely
Cardiac cycle ✅-the events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat
to the next
-the number of cardiac cycles completed in a minute depends on the heart rate
-each cycle has 3 major sequential events:
--diastole
--atrial systole
--ventricular systole
Diastole (when I die I can relax) ✅period of relaxation of the heart.
Systole ✅period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the
ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
Control of HR ✅Autonomic nervous system, baroreceptors
Cardiac output (CO) ✅total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters
per minute
CO=svxhr
Stroke volume (SV) ✅amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
, Preload ✅the degree of stretch (volume) of the ventricular cardiac muscle fiber at the
end of diastole
Afterload ✅resistance to ejection of blood volume from the ventricle
Contractility ✅-force generated by the contracting myocardium
-ability of cardiac muscle to shorten
Ejection fraction ✅percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the
ventricle with each heartbeat (left ventricle)
Assessment of cardiovascular system ✅-Health history
-Demographic information
-Family/genetic history
-Cultural/social factors
-Risk factors
--Modifiable
--Nonmodifiable
Health history ✅-symptoms
-past health, family history
-medications
-nutrition
-elimination
-activity and exercise
-sleep and rest
-self-perception and self-concept
-roles and relationships
-sexuality and reproduction
-coping and tolerance
Common symptoms of CVD ✅-chest pain or discomfort
-pain or discomfort in other areas of upper body
-dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
-peripheral edema, weight gain, abnormal distention due to enlarged spleen and liver
ascites
-palpitations
-unusual fatigue
- dizziness, syncope, or changes in LOC
Physical assessment ✅-general appearance
-assessment of the skin and extremities
-BP (pulse pressure, BP changes)
-arterial pulses
-jugular vein pulsations
Questions and Correct Answers
Sinoatrial (SA) node ✅pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) node ✅the secondary pacemaker of the heart (located in rt.
Atrium)
Depolarization ✅electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the
cell while potassium exits the cell
Repolarization ✅return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into
the cell while sodium exits the cell.
Refractory periods (pause) ✅1) effective (absolute) refractory period: the cell is
completely unresposive to any electrical stimulus; it is incapable of initiating an early
depolarization
2) relative refractory period: if an electrical stimulus is stronger than normal, the cell may
depolarize prematurely
Cardiac cycle ✅-the events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat
to the next
-the number of cardiac cycles completed in a minute depends on the heart rate
-each cycle has 3 major sequential events:
--diastole
--atrial systole
--ventricular systole
Diastole (when I die I can relax) ✅period of relaxation of the heart.
Systole ✅period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the
ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
Control of HR ✅Autonomic nervous system, baroreceptors
Cardiac output (CO) ✅total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters
per minute
CO=svxhr
Stroke volume (SV) ✅amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
, Preload ✅the degree of stretch (volume) of the ventricular cardiac muscle fiber at the
end of diastole
Afterload ✅resistance to ejection of blood volume from the ventricle
Contractility ✅-force generated by the contracting myocardium
-ability of cardiac muscle to shorten
Ejection fraction ✅percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the
ventricle with each heartbeat (left ventricle)
Assessment of cardiovascular system ✅-Health history
-Demographic information
-Family/genetic history
-Cultural/social factors
-Risk factors
--Modifiable
--Nonmodifiable
Health history ✅-symptoms
-past health, family history
-medications
-nutrition
-elimination
-activity and exercise
-sleep and rest
-self-perception and self-concept
-roles and relationships
-sexuality and reproduction
-coping and tolerance
Common symptoms of CVD ✅-chest pain or discomfort
-pain or discomfort in other areas of upper body
-dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
-peripheral edema, weight gain, abnormal distention due to enlarged spleen and liver
ascites
-palpitations
-unusual fatigue
- dizziness, syncope, or changes in LOC
Physical assessment ✅-general appearance
-assessment of the skin and extremities
-BP (pulse pressure, BP changes)
-arterial pulses
-jugular vein pulsations
