BIOL 2302 Kasparian Final Exam Review|
Questions Solved with Verified Correct
Answers | Latest Update 2024-2025
Which structures compose of the three layers of the filtration membrane? - ANSWER -
Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
- visceral membrane of podocytes
- basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae and other layers
Which renal tubule is composed of cuboidal cells that reabsorb water and solutes from
the filtrate and secrete some substances located closest to glomerulus? - ANSWER
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Which renal tubule is hairpin-shaped that descends deep into the kidney that helps regulate
the osmolarity of the filtrate? - ANSWER Loop of Henle
Which renal tubule consists of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in
secretion than reabsorption? - ANSWER Distal convoluted tubule
The thin segment of the Loop of Henle is made of what type of tissue? - ANSWER simple
squamous epithelium
The thick segment of the loop of Henle consists of what type of tissues? - ANSWER
Cuboidal followed by columnar epithelium
What are the two cells found in convoluted tubules? - ANSWER - intercalated cells
,-principal cells
Which tubule cells are cuboidal with microvilli and function to maintain the acid-base balance
of the body? - ANSWER Intercalated cells
Which tubule cells cuboidal cells without microvilli that help maintain the body's water and
salt balance? - ANSWER Principal cells
What class of nephrons consists of 85% of all nephrons located in the cortex? - ANSWER
cortical nephrons
Which class of nephrons are located at the cortex-medulla junction in which the loop of Henle
penetrates the medulla with an extensive thin segment and produces concentrated urine? -
ANSWER juxtamedullary nephrons
What are the two capillary beds that feed the nephron? - ANSWER -glomerulus
-peritubular capillaries
Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus high? - ANSWER - high resistance vessels
- afferent have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
What is the function of glomerular capillaries? - ANSWER allows fluids and solutes are forced
out of the blood and filtered into the nephron
What is the function of peritubular beds? - ANSWER allow for reabsorption of nutrients from
the convoluted tubules
,Which long efferent vessel wraps and reabsorbs nutrients from the juxtamedullary nephrons? -
ANSWER vasa recta
What is the function of resistance in the afferent arterioles? - ANSWER protect glomeruli from
fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
What is the function of resistance in efferent arterioles? - ANSWER - reinforces high glomerular
pressure
- reduces hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries to allow to reabsorption of
nutrients
Which structure is located where the distal convoluted table lies against the afferent
arterioles to give feedback to blood pressure and chemistry of the blood? - ANSWER
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is enlarged smooth muscle cells that contain
secretory granules of renin that are secreted due to changes in stretch by mechanoreceptors?
- ANSWER juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What structure of juxtaglomerular apparatus is a closely packed DCT cells that lie adjacent to JG
cells that function as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors that detect changes in osmolarity
and pH? - ANSWER Macula densa
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have phagocytic and contractile
properties that influence changes in capillary filtration? - ANSWER mesangial cells
How many times does the kidney filter the body's plasma per day? - ANSWER 60 times
What are the components of the filtrate? - ANSWER - all plasma components except protein,
such as water, nutrients, essential ions
, What are the three mechanisms that control and adjust blood composition and
urine formation? - ANSWER - glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- secretion
What mechanism drives glomerular filtration? - ANSWER principles of fluid dynamics (bulk flow)
How is the glomerulus more efficient than other capillary beds in the exchange of fluid? -
ANSWER - filtration membrane is more permeable
- glomerular blood pressure is higher
- higher net filtration pressure (plasma proteins not filtered out causing constant osmotic
pressure)
Which pressure is responsible for filtrate formation? - ANSWER net filtration pressure
What is the equation for net filtration pressure? - ANSWER NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)
HPg - hydrostatic pressure glomerulus
OPg - osmotic pressure glomerulus
HPc - capsular hydrostatic pressure
What is the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys? - ANSWER glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)
Questions Solved with Verified Correct
Answers | Latest Update 2024-2025
Which structures compose of the three layers of the filtration membrane? - ANSWER -
Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
- visceral membrane of podocytes
- basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae and other layers
Which renal tubule is composed of cuboidal cells that reabsorb water and solutes from
the filtrate and secrete some substances located closest to glomerulus? - ANSWER
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Which renal tubule is hairpin-shaped that descends deep into the kidney that helps regulate
the osmolarity of the filtrate? - ANSWER Loop of Henle
Which renal tubule consists of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in
secretion than reabsorption? - ANSWER Distal convoluted tubule
The thin segment of the Loop of Henle is made of what type of tissue? - ANSWER simple
squamous epithelium
The thick segment of the loop of Henle consists of what type of tissues? - ANSWER
Cuboidal followed by columnar epithelium
What are the two cells found in convoluted tubules? - ANSWER - intercalated cells
,-principal cells
Which tubule cells are cuboidal with microvilli and function to maintain the acid-base balance
of the body? - ANSWER Intercalated cells
Which tubule cells cuboidal cells without microvilli that help maintain the body's water and
salt balance? - ANSWER Principal cells
What class of nephrons consists of 85% of all nephrons located in the cortex? - ANSWER
cortical nephrons
Which class of nephrons are located at the cortex-medulla junction in which the loop of Henle
penetrates the medulla with an extensive thin segment and produces concentrated urine? -
ANSWER juxtamedullary nephrons
What are the two capillary beds that feed the nephron? - ANSWER -glomerulus
-peritubular capillaries
Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus high? - ANSWER - high resistance vessels
- afferent have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
What is the function of glomerular capillaries? - ANSWER allows fluids and solutes are forced
out of the blood and filtered into the nephron
What is the function of peritubular beds? - ANSWER allow for reabsorption of nutrients from
the convoluted tubules
,Which long efferent vessel wraps and reabsorbs nutrients from the juxtamedullary nephrons? -
ANSWER vasa recta
What is the function of resistance in the afferent arterioles? - ANSWER protect glomeruli from
fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
What is the function of resistance in efferent arterioles? - ANSWER - reinforces high glomerular
pressure
- reduces hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries to allow to reabsorption of
nutrients
Which structure is located where the distal convoluted table lies against the afferent
arterioles to give feedback to blood pressure and chemistry of the blood? - ANSWER
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is enlarged smooth muscle cells that contain
secretory granules of renin that are secreted due to changes in stretch by mechanoreceptors?
- ANSWER juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What structure of juxtaglomerular apparatus is a closely packed DCT cells that lie adjacent to JG
cells that function as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors that detect changes in osmolarity
and pH? - ANSWER Macula densa
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have phagocytic and contractile
properties that influence changes in capillary filtration? - ANSWER mesangial cells
How many times does the kidney filter the body's plasma per day? - ANSWER 60 times
What are the components of the filtrate? - ANSWER - all plasma components except protein,
such as water, nutrients, essential ions
, What are the three mechanisms that control and adjust blood composition and
urine formation? - ANSWER - glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- secretion
What mechanism drives glomerular filtration? - ANSWER principles of fluid dynamics (bulk flow)
How is the glomerulus more efficient than other capillary beds in the exchange of fluid? -
ANSWER - filtration membrane is more permeable
- glomerular blood pressure is higher
- higher net filtration pressure (plasma proteins not filtered out causing constant osmotic
pressure)
Which pressure is responsible for filtrate formation? - ANSWER net filtration pressure
What is the equation for net filtration pressure? - ANSWER NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)
HPg - hydrostatic pressure glomerulus
OPg - osmotic pressure glomerulus
HPc - capsular hydrostatic pressure
What is the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys? - ANSWER glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)
