Experimental Chapter 6
Observational methods can be broadly classified as primarily ________ or _______ -
ANS-quantitative or qualitative
________ research focuses on people behaving in natural settings and describing their world in
their own words - ANS-Qualitative
________ research tends to focus on specific behaviors that can be easily quantified (i.e.,
counted) - ANS-Quantitative
Qualitative researchers emphasize collecting _______ information on a relatively ______
individuals or within a very _______ setting - ANS-in-depth;
few;
limited
Quantitative investigations generally include _________ samples - ANS-larger
The conclusions of qualitative research are based on interpretations drawn by whom? - ANS-the
investigator
Conclusions in quantitative research are based upon ______ - ANS-statistical analysis of data
In a naturalistic observation study (also called field work or field observation), the researcher
makes observations of individuals in ______ environments (the field) - ANS-their natural
The goal of naturalistic observation is what? - ANS-to provide a complete and accurate picture
of what occurred in the setting, rather than to test hypotheses formed prior to the study
To achieve this goal of naturalistic observation, the researcher must keep ________ -
ANS-detailed field notes
The researcher's first goal is to describe the _______ - ANS-setting, events, and persons
observed
The second, equally important goal is to _______ what was observed - ANS-analyze
Analyzing what is observed is accomplished by building a ________ to describe observations -
ANS-coherent structure
Analyzing observations: Specific examples of events that occurred in the study support the
researcher's ______ of the study - ANS-interpretations
, The data in naturalistic observation studies are primarily qualitative in nature; that is, they are
the _______ rather than quantitative statistical measures - ANS-descriptions of the observations
themselves
T or F: naturalistic observation can be used to gather quantitative data - ANS-TRUE!
A _______ is an outsider who does not become an active part of the setting -
ANS-nonparticipant observer
What is a nonparticipant observer? - ANS-an outsider who does not become an active part of
the setting
In contrast, a ________ assumes an active, insider role - ANS-participant observer
Because participant observation allows the researcher to observe the setting from the inside, he
or she may be able to ________ in the same way as natural participant - ANS-experience
events
A potential problem with participant observation, however, is that the observer may lose the
________ necessary to conduct scientific observation - ANS-objectivity
Remember that naturalistic observation requires accurate description and objective
interpretation with no prior ________ - ANS-hypotheses
Concealed observation is less ______ than non-concealed observation because people are not
aware that their behaviors are being observed and recorded - ANS-reactive
Non-concealed observation may be preferred from an ethical viewpoint: _______ - ANS-privacy
There are degrees of participation and concealment:
1. ________ observation => informed consent is not necessary
2. ________ observation => informed consent is either written or verbal - ANS-1. Concealed
2. Non-concealed
T or F: Naturalistic observation cannot be used to study all issues or phenomena - ANS-true
Naturalistic observation is most useful when investigating ________ both to understand the
setting and to develop theories based on the observations - ANS-complex social setting
Naturalistic observation is less useful for studying _______ under precisely specified conditions
or phenomena that are not _______ by a researcher in a natural setting - ANS-well-defined
hypotheses;
directly observable
Observational methods can be broadly classified as primarily ________ or _______ -
ANS-quantitative or qualitative
________ research focuses on people behaving in natural settings and describing their world in
their own words - ANS-Qualitative
________ research tends to focus on specific behaviors that can be easily quantified (i.e.,
counted) - ANS-Quantitative
Qualitative researchers emphasize collecting _______ information on a relatively ______
individuals or within a very _______ setting - ANS-in-depth;
few;
limited
Quantitative investigations generally include _________ samples - ANS-larger
The conclusions of qualitative research are based on interpretations drawn by whom? - ANS-the
investigator
Conclusions in quantitative research are based upon ______ - ANS-statistical analysis of data
In a naturalistic observation study (also called field work or field observation), the researcher
makes observations of individuals in ______ environments (the field) - ANS-their natural
The goal of naturalistic observation is what? - ANS-to provide a complete and accurate picture
of what occurred in the setting, rather than to test hypotheses formed prior to the study
To achieve this goal of naturalistic observation, the researcher must keep ________ -
ANS-detailed field notes
The researcher's first goal is to describe the _______ - ANS-setting, events, and persons
observed
The second, equally important goal is to _______ what was observed - ANS-analyze
Analyzing what is observed is accomplished by building a ________ to describe observations -
ANS-coherent structure
Analyzing observations: Specific examples of events that occurred in the study support the
researcher's ______ of the study - ANS-interpretations
, The data in naturalistic observation studies are primarily qualitative in nature; that is, they are
the _______ rather than quantitative statistical measures - ANS-descriptions of the observations
themselves
T or F: naturalistic observation can be used to gather quantitative data - ANS-TRUE!
A _______ is an outsider who does not become an active part of the setting -
ANS-nonparticipant observer
What is a nonparticipant observer? - ANS-an outsider who does not become an active part of
the setting
In contrast, a ________ assumes an active, insider role - ANS-participant observer
Because participant observation allows the researcher to observe the setting from the inside, he
or she may be able to ________ in the same way as natural participant - ANS-experience
events
A potential problem with participant observation, however, is that the observer may lose the
________ necessary to conduct scientific observation - ANS-objectivity
Remember that naturalistic observation requires accurate description and objective
interpretation with no prior ________ - ANS-hypotheses
Concealed observation is less ______ than non-concealed observation because people are not
aware that their behaviors are being observed and recorded - ANS-reactive
Non-concealed observation may be preferred from an ethical viewpoint: _______ - ANS-privacy
There are degrees of participation and concealment:
1. ________ observation => informed consent is not necessary
2. ________ observation => informed consent is either written or verbal - ANS-1. Concealed
2. Non-concealed
T or F: Naturalistic observation cannot be used to study all issues or phenomena - ANS-true
Naturalistic observation is most useful when investigating ________ both to understand the
setting and to develop theories based on the observations - ANS-complex social setting
Naturalistic observation is less useful for studying _______ under precisely specified conditions
or phenomena that are not _______ by a researcher in a natural setting - ANS-well-defined
hypotheses;
directly observable
