lOMoARcPSD|17222949
PHARMACOLOGY EDAPT NOTES
As organisms live and grow, they're constantly in the process of making and breaking bonds in
molecules.
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
• Catabolism includes the processes that break down complex molecules into simpler
molecules while harvesting their energy and storing it, usually in the form of ATP.
• Anabolism includes the processes that build more complex molecules from simpler
molecules. The energy acquired through catabolic processes is used to drive anabolic
processes.
Neither catabolism nor anabolism is completely efficient so at each step, some of the available
energy is lost into the environment as heat.
Metabolism
Transcript Link
As organisms live and grow, they're constantly in the process of making and breaking bonds in
molecules. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism includes the processes that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules
while harvesting their energy and storing it, usually in the form of ATP. Anabolism includes the
processes that build more complex molecules from simpler molecules. The energy acquired
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
through catabolic processes is used to drive anabolic processes. Neither catabolism nor anabolism
is completely efficient. So at each step, some of the available energy is lost into the environment
as heat.
The most efficient process to harness this energy requires oxygen and is called aerobic cellular
respiration. The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is as follows:
C6H12O6 [glucose] + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.
Each molecule of glucose that enters cellular respiration can generate up to 38 molecules of ATP.
In addition, the breakdown of glucose provides building materials for our own macromolecules
such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Cellular respiration has three parts that
we will discuss. The first stage is glycolysis, followed by the Krebs cycle (also known as the Citric
Acid cycle), and finally the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
Aerobic Respiration Transcript Link
Glycolysis: This series of reactions,
which takes place in the cytosol,
splits one molecule of glucose into
two molecules of pyruvic acid. In
the process, the cell produces a net
total of two ATP molecules and two
NADH. NADH is produced by the
addition of a proton to NAD in
reduction reaction. The two NADH
will be transported to the electron
transport chain.
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
If oxygen is present, the resulting pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA, a molecule that can then
enter the Kreb's cycle, which occurs in the lumen of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. This
occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotic cells and is considered the preparation for the Kreb's cycle.
Kreb's cycle: This series of reactions completes the breakdown of acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide(a
waste product) within the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells (the cytosol in prokaryotic cells). In the
process, they generate two molecules of ATP and, more importantly, six molecules of the electron
carrier NADH and two molecules of the electron carrier FADH2, which are then used in the
electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain: This occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotes
(cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes), using the energy of the donated electrons from NADH
and FADH2 (oxidation reactions) to pump H+ ions across the membrane, creating a concentration
gradient across the membrane. The H+ ions seek to return to the area of lower concentration
(remember diffusion!) and rush through a channel created by a protein called ATP synthase. The
movement of the H+ ions powers the regeneration of ATP from ADP. The electron transport chain
results in 34 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose.
In Aerobic respiration molecular oxygen O2 serves as the final electron acceptor of the H+. The
combination of O2 with H+ produces water. In Anerobic respiration, molecules such as SO4, NO4,
and CO3 serve as the final electron acceptor
In Prokaryotes glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, and fermentation take place in the cytoplasm while the
ETC takes place in cytoplasmic membrane as they lack mitochondria.
Total ATP from one glucose molecule: ~38 ATP
In aerobic respiration, free oxygen (oxygen that is not bound to another element) is the final
electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
PHARMACOLOGY EDAPT NOTES
As organisms live and grow, they're constantly in the process of making and breaking bonds in
molecules.
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
• Catabolism includes the processes that break down complex molecules into simpler
molecules while harvesting their energy and storing it, usually in the form of ATP.
• Anabolism includes the processes that build more complex molecules from simpler
molecules. The energy acquired through catabolic processes is used to drive anabolic
processes.
Neither catabolism nor anabolism is completely efficient so at each step, some of the available
energy is lost into the environment as heat.
Metabolism
Transcript Link
As organisms live and grow, they're constantly in the process of making and breaking bonds in
molecules. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism includes the processes that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules
while harvesting their energy and storing it, usually in the form of ATP. Anabolism includes the
processes that build more complex molecules from simpler molecules. The energy acquired
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
through catabolic processes is used to drive anabolic processes. Neither catabolism nor anabolism
is completely efficient. So at each step, some of the available energy is lost into the environment
as heat.
The most efficient process to harness this energy requires oxygen and is called aerobic cellular
respiration. The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is as follows:
C6H12O6 [glucose] + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.
Each molecule of glucose that enters cellular respiration can generate up to 38 molecules of ATP.
In addition, the breakdown of glucose provides building materials for our own macromolecules
such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Cellular respiration has three parts that
we will discuss. The first stage is glycolysis, followed by the Krebs cycle (also known as the Citric
Acid cycle), and finally the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
Aerobic Respiration Transcript Link
Glycolysis: This series of reactions,
which takes place in the cytosol,
splits one molecule of glucose into
two molecules of pyruvic acid. In
the process, the cell produces a net
total of two ATP molecules and two
NADH. NADH is produced by the
addition of a proton to NAD in
reduction reaction. The two NADH
will be transported to the electron
transport chain.
, lOMoARcPSD|17222949
If oxygen is present, the resulting pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA, a molecule that can then
enter the Kreb's cycle, which occurs in the lumen of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. This
occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotic cells and is considered the preparation for the Kreb's cycle.
Kreb's cycle: This series of reactions completes the breakdown of acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide(a
waste product) within the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells (the cytosol in prokaryotic cells). In the
process, they generate two molecules of ATP and, more importantly, six molecules of the electron
carrier NADH and two molecules of the electron carrier FADH2, which are then used in the
electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain: This occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotes
(cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes), using the energy of the donated electrons from NADH
and FADH2 (oxidation reactions) to pump H+ ions across the membrane, creating a concentration
gradient across the membrane. The H+ ions seek to return to the area of lower concentration
(remember diffusion!) and rush through a channel created by a protein called ATP synthase. The
movement of the H+ ions powers the regeneration of ATP from ADP. The electron transport chain
results in 34 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose.
In Aerobic respiration molecular oxygen O2 serves as the final electron acceptor of the H+. The
combination of O2 with H+ produces water. In Anerobic respiration, molecules such as SO4, NO4,
and CO3 serve as the final electron acceptor
In Prokaryotes glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, and fermentation take place in the cytoplasm while the
ETC takes place in cytoplasmic membrane as they lack mitochondria.
Total ATP from one glucose molecule: ~38 ATP
In aerobic respiration, free oxygen (oxygen that is not bound to another element) is the final
electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
