NUR 3032 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE EXAM | WITH QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | UPDATE

NUR 3032 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE EXAM | WITH QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | UPDATE Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide CHAPTER 5: Cellular Adaptation: • Cells adapt to changes in the internal environment when confronted with stress that endanger normal structure and function. These cells adapt to increase work demands by changing in: 1. Size (Atrophy and Hypertrophy) 2. Number (Hyperplasia) 3. Form (Metaplasia) • These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical messengers that exert their affects by altering gene function. In general, the genes are expressed in two categories: 1. Operating genes that are necessary for normal function of a cell 2. Genes that determine the differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type • In many adaptive cellular responses, the expression of the differentiation genes is altered but that of the operating genes remains unaffected. Thus, a cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal function. Once the stimulus for adaptation is removed, the effect on expression of the differentiating genes is removed and the cell resumes its previous state of specialized function. • Whether the adaptive cellular changes are normal or abnormal depends on whether the response was mediated by an appropriate stimulus • Some adaptive changes include: 1. Intracellular accumulations 2. Storage of products in abnormal amounts Lecture Notes: • Anything that’s genetic can change the cell. Radiation as well. Any external factor. Cell injury can occur from genetic, chemical, immunoglobin or x-rays, etc. As a result you can have several different changes. • Free Radicals: when the cells do not have an enough amount of electrons and protons therefore free ions are migrating because they don’t have a pair so it makes the cell at risk for more injury to occu