,
,and excelling in the competitive market of today. For example, “59375598702” is the data
whereas the “phone number of Bob is 59375598702” is the information.
3. How information is smartly used to take decisions in a business? Explain.
Ans: Organizations are capable of processing the information and using it to make decisions
for surviving and excelling in the competitive market of today. The usage of information
extends across the company. Although the applications vary by industry, one constant is the
utilisation of accurate, timely information that may improve company operations and, as a
result, the customer experience. When the customer experience is improved, sales, earnings,
and businesses thrive. Information is fast and becoming the lifeblood of business, and its
significance in an organization's long-term success cannot be emphasized.
4. Describe information cycle with its advantages and disadvantages.
Ans: Data, pictures, text, documents, and speech are all forms of information. To obtain
information, data is processed using models. The produced information reaches the receiver in
good time and is then used to make judgments/decisions. These decisions can then cause
additional events and activities, resulting in enormous quantities of dispersed data that is
recorded and delivered as an input, and the cycle continues.
5. What do you mean by quality of information?
Ans: Information must be accurate, timely and relevant. Accuracy means there should not be
any manipulated or distorted information. It should clearly convey the meaning of the data it
is based on. Timeliness of information is defined as information reaching the recipient within
the needed period. The information may be of no use if it reaches/arrives late and relevancy
means that the information that may be relevant for one user may not be relevant for another
even though it might have been accurate as well as timely.
6. Explain the various stages of databases and discuss why we are using databases?
Ans:
Databases also have a finite lifespan. They also are replaced with successful databases that are
more flexible and have up-to-date structure. There are generally six stages of the database
lifecycle:
Analysis: The stakeholders(organizations, universities etc.) who require database management
services are interviewed in order to identify the problems, possibilities and constraints of the
existing system. In this phase the objectives and scope of the new system to be developed is
determined.
, Design: The conceptual design is created in this phase from the requirements gathered during
the analysis phase. A logical and physical design is also created for the easy implementation
of the database in the next step.
Implementation: In this step database management system (DBMS) is installed and databases
are created. The data is imported in created databases.
Testing: The database is tested and fine-tuned in respect to the applications that are going to
use it.
Operation: In this phase, the databases work properly and provide the needed information to
the users.
Maintenance: In this phase, changes are made to the database in response to new requirements.
A database can be defined as a collection of data, which is designed to be used by different
people. The data stored in disks and tapes is always dispersed and hence difficult to control.
Some other important reasons that move us towards adoption of databases for organization are
as follows:
• Duplication of data and effort from the users’ end.
• Redundancy of data.
• Data is hardcoded in applications.
• Inconsistent data.
• Data integrity issues.
• Data security issues.
• Concurrency issues.
• Non-uniform backup and recovery methods.
• Interdependence between data and programs.
• Ad hoc data management techniques.
• Ad hoc representation of relationships.
7. Define and discuss the components of a database and its uses.
,and excelling in the competitive market of today. For example, “59375598702” is the data
whereas the “phone number of Bob is 59375598702” is the information.
3. How information is smartly used to take decisions in a business? Explain.
Ans: Organizations are capable of processing the information and using it to make decisions
for surviving and excelling in the competitive market of today. The usage of information
extends across the company. Although the applications vary by industry, one constant is the
utilisation of accurate, timely information that may improve company operations and, as a
result, the customer experience. When the customer experience is improved, sales, earnings,
and businesses thrive. Information is fast and becoming the lifeblood of business, and its
significance in an organization's long-term success cannot be emphasized.
4. Describe information cycle with its advantages and disadvantages.
Ans: Data, pictures, text, documents, and speech are all forms of information. To obtain
information, data is processed using models. The produced information reaches the receiver in
good time and is then used to make judgments/decisions. These decisions can then cause
additional events and activities, resulting in enormous quantities of dispersed data that is
recorded and delivered as an input, and the cycle continues.
5. What do you mean by quality of information?
Ans: Information must be accurate, timely and relevant. Accuracy means there should not be
any manipulated or distorted information. It should clearly convey the meaning of the data it
is based on. Timeliness of information is defined as information reaching the recipient within
the needed period. The information may be of no use if it reaches/arrives late and relevancy
means that the information that may be relevant for one user may not be relevant for another
even though it might have been accurate as well as timely.
6. Explain the various stages of databases and discuss why we are using databases?
Ans:
Databases also have a finite lifespan. They also are replaced with successful databases that are
more flexible and have up-to-date structure. There are generally six stages of the database
lifecycle:
Analysis: The stakeholders(organizations, universities etc.) who require database management
services are interviewed in order to identify the problems, possibilities and constraints of the
existing system. In this phase the objectives and scope of the new system to be developed is
determined.
, Design: The conceptual design is created in this phase from the requirements gathered during
the analysis phase. A logical and physical design is also created for the easy implementation
of the database in the next step.
Implementation: In this step database management system (DBMS) is installed and databases
are created. The data is imported in created databases.
Testing: The database is tested and fine-tuned in respect to the applications that are going to
use it.
Operation: In this phase, the databases work properly and provide the needed information to
the users.
Maintenance: In this phase, changes are made to the database in response to new requirements.
A database can be defined as a collection of data, which is designed to be used by different
people. The data stored in disks and tapes is always dispersed and hence difficult to control.
Some other important reasons that move us towards adoption of databases for organization are
as follows:
• Duplication of data and effort from the users’ end.
• Redundancy of data.
• Data is hardcoded in applications.
• Inconsistent data.
• Data integrity issues.
• Data security issues.
• Concurrency issues.
• Non-uniform backup and recovery methods.
• Interdependence between data and programs.
• Ad hoc data management techniques.
• Ad hoc representation of relationships.
7. Define and discuss the components of a database and its uses.
