Development Quiz With Complete Solutions

Lawrence Kohlberg CORRECT ANSWER well-known theorist in the field of moral development. he posed moral dilemmas (Heinz Dilemma) to his subjects then asked questions to probe their reasons for recommending a specific course of action stages of moral reasoning CORRECT ANSWER six stages of reasoning at three levels Level one: Pre-conventional Morality CORRECT ANSWER stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation level two: conventional morality CORRECT ANSWER stage 3: good boy-nice girl orientation stage 4: law and order orientation level three: post-conventional morality CORRECT ANSWER stage 5: social contract orientation stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation movement through the stages CORRECT ANSWER Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is a stage theory. In other words, everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage. However, movement through these stages are not natural, that is people do not automatically move from one stage to the next as they mature. In stage development, movement is effected when cognitive dissonance occurs ... that is when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma. But according to stage theory, people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own. For example, a person in Stage 1 can understand Stage 2 reasoning but nothing beyond that. Therefore, we should present moral arguments that are only one stage ahead of a person's present level of reasoning to stimulate movement to higher stages. pre-conventional morality CORRECT ANSWER people at this stage do not really understand the conventions/rules of society. Morality of self- interest Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation CORRECT ANSWER the concern is for self "will I get into trouble for doing (or not doing) it?" good behavior is associated with avoiding punishment stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation CORRECT ANSWER the concern is "what’s in it for me?" this stage is still egocentric in outlook, but with growing ability to see things from another person's perspective. action is judged right if it helps in satisfying one's needs or involves a fair exchange