BIO 152 Module 4 Exam Study Guide 2026 - Latest Edition Updated

BIO 152 Module 4 Exam Study Guide 2026 - Latest Edition Updated What is Behavioral ecology? - answer - Organismal ecology that deals with behavioral adaptations What factors are a part of Behavioral Ecology? - answer - Genetics, Endocrinology, Neurobiology, Evolution, Ecology What is proximate behavior - answer - the explanation of how actions occur. (Genetics, Hormonoal, Neurological, Skeletal-muscular) Define Innate Behavior and its characteristics - answer - Genetically inherited behavior (from their parents), No learning required, Little variation through a population, Fixed action patterns: highly inflexible Define Learned Behavior and its characteristics - answer - Continued change in behavior that results from a specific experience, Flexible, Beneficial in changing environments, variation in populations Define fitness trade-offs - answer - two traites that cannot be optimized simultaneously Define Cost-benefit analysis - answer - weighing the costs and benefits of responding in different ways and how the response may impact theri fitness What is Monogamy - answer - Lasting pair bonds between one female and one male What is Polygamy and their different types - answer - one sex has multiple partners, Polyandry: one female mates with two or more males, Polygyny: one male mates with two or more females Define population Ecology - answer - study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time What is density - answer - the number of individuals per unit area, it is variable over space and time Define dispersion and the different kinds - answer - It is the pattern of distribution of a species, Clumped, Random, Uniform How does a quadrat measure populations - answer - They use square or circular plots of a known size How does a transect measure populations - answer - It uses a straight line or narrow sections across a surface What are the steps for measuring a population - answer - 1) Tag/Mark individuals 2) Release individuals into habitat 3) Recapture individuals 4) Count number of tagged individuals in recaptured individuals 5) Estimate population size Define Demography - answer - The study of factors such as these that determine the size and structure of populations through time Define Generation Time - answer - Average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring What are life tables - answer - A summary of the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime Define Fecundity - answer - The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population Define Age Specific Fecundity - answer - The average of female offspring produced by females in each age class What is the Net Reproductive Rate - answer - The average number of female offspring a female, or group of females, produces during theri lifetime What are the factors that play into Net Reproductive Rate - answer - Mortality rate is considered, Immigration and Emigration must be insignificant Define Density Independent and what are some examples - answer - When a population size does not limit growth rate, Colonization of a new habitat, Recovery after a disaster Define Density Dependent and what are some examples - answer - Population size does limit growth rate, competition, predation, parasitism, disease What is the Bottom-up hypothesis - answer - Next lowest level of food chain influences the population size of higher levels of the food chain What is the top-down hypothesis? - answer - Highest level of food chain influences population size of lower levels of the food chain What is Community - answer - All the populations of interacting species living within a defined area Why should people study species interactions? - answer - Affect the distribution and abundance of a particular species, Act as agents of natural selection when they interact, Interactions among species is dynamic and con