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Epi Final Study Guide Questions and Answers Updated 2026

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Epi Final Study Guide Questions and Answers Updated 2026

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2026/2027

Institution Epidemiology Course

Course Epidemiology Course

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Epi Final Study Guide Questions and Answers Updated 2026

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Epi Final Study Guide Questions
and Answers Updated 2026
DescriptiveBEpidemiologyB-
BAnswerBDescriptiveBepidemiologyBisBtheB'who,BwhereBandBwhen'BofBaBhealth-
relatedBevent.BDescriptiveBepidemiologyBdescribesBwhoBisBaffectedBbyBtheBhealth-
relatedBevent,BtheBlocationBofBtheBevent,BandBtheBtimingBofBtheBevent.BDescriptiveBe
pidemiologyBdescribesBtheBpersons,Bplace,BandBtimeBinvolvedBinBtheBhealthBevent,Bal
soBknownBasBtheB'distribution'BofBhealthBandBhealth-relatedBevents.

AnalyticBEpidemiologyB-
BAnswerBAnalyticBepidemiologyBstudiesBtheB'why'BorB'how'BofBhealth-
relatedBevents.BTheBpurposeBofBanalyticBepidemiologyBisBtoBidentifyBtheBcausesBorBri
skBfactorsBforBtheBhealth-
relatedBstateBorBeventB(goodBorBbad)BofBinterest.BAnalyticBepidemiologyBstudiesBtheB
causesBorBriskBfactorsBforBhealth-
relatedBstatesBorBevents,BalsoBknownBasBtheB'determinants'BofBhealthBandBhealthBrel
atedBevents.

AnalyticBepidemiologyBquantifiesBtheBassociationBbetweenBexposuresBandBoutcomesBt
oBdetermineBcausalBrelationships

WhichBofBtheBfollowingBresearchBdesignsBareBobservationalBstudies?B-BAnswerB-
BProspectiveBcohortBstudies

-BCross-sectionalBstudies

-BRetrospectiveBcohortBstudies

TheBWomen'sBHealthBInitiativeBisBanBexampleBofBwhatBtypeBofBresearchBdesign?B-
BAnswerBRandomizedBControlledBTrial

CochraneBreviewsBareBatBtheBtopBofBtheBevidenceBpyramid..B-BAnswerBTrue

,WhichBofBtheBfollowingBtypesBofBresearchBdesignsBisBALWAYSBaBretrospectiveBstudy?B
-BAnswerBCaseBControlBStudy

WhichBofBtheBfollowingBtypesBofBsingleBstudyBdesignsBprovidesBtheBstrongestBlevelBof
BevidenceBtoBdetermineBcauseBandBeffect?B-BAnswerBRandomizedBControllBTrial

TheBBradfordBHillBcriteriaBareBusedBtoBdetermineBdiseaseBcausation.B-BAnswerBTrue

TheBFraminghamBHeartBStudyBisBanBexampleBofBwhatBtypeBofBresearchBdesign?B-
BAnswerBProspectiveBCohortBStudy

twoBtypesBofBexperimentalBdesigns:B-BAnswerBrandomizedBclinicalBtrialsBandBquasi-
experiments.

WhichBofBtheBfollowingBtypesBofBstudyBdesignsBprovidesBtheBlowestBlevelBofBevidenc
e?B-BAnswerBCrossBsectionalBstudy

RandomizedBcontrolledBtrialsBalwaysBevaluateBanBinterventionBandBincludeBaBcomparis
onBgroupB-BAnswerBTrue

WhichBofBtheBfollowingBtypesBofBstudyBdesignsBareBconsideredBtheB"goldBstandard"Bf
orBdeterminingBtheBeffectivenessBofBinterventions?B-BAnswerBRandomizedBClinicalBTrial

ABstudyBofBhumanBmilkBfeedingBofBprematureBinfantsBfindsBthatBtheBoddsBratioBforB
developingBsepsisBduringBtheBinfant'sBhospitalBcourseBwasB0.7BforBtheBinfantBwhoBrec
eivedBhumanBmilk.BThisBfindingBindicatesBthatB-
BAnswerBHumanBmilkBfeedingBreducesBtheBriskBofBsepsis

ABnewBinterventionBisBstudiedBtoBseeBifBitBisBassistedBwithBaBreductionBinBpressureB
ulcersBinBhospitalizedBolderBadults.BTheBrelativeBriskBofBpressureBulcerBwasB2.5BinBth
eBinterventionBgroup.BThisBrelativeBriskBstatisticBmeansBthatB-
BAnswerBThereBisBanBincreasedBriskBofBpressureBulcersBinBtheBinterventionBgroup.

, WhichBofBtheBfollowingBstudyBdesignsBisBlowestBonBtheBevidenceBpyramid?B-
BAnswerBCaseBControlBStudy

ABmeasureBofBassociationBquantifiesBtheBrelationshipBbetweenBexposureBandBdiseaseB
amongBtheBtwoBgroups.BExposureBisBusedBlooselyBtoBmeanBnotBonlyBexposureBtoBfo
ods,Bmosquitoes,BaBpartnerBwithBaBsexuallyBtransmissibleBdisease,BorBaBtoxicBwasteBd
ump,BbutBalsoBinherentBcharacteristicsBofBpersonsB(forBexample,Bage,Brace,Bsex),Bbiol
ogicBcharacteristicsB(immuneBstatus),BacquiredBcharacteristicsB(maritalBstatus),Bactivities
B(occupation,BleisureBactivities),BorBconditionsBunderBwhichBtheyBliveB(socioeconomicB
statusBorBaccessBtoBmedicalBcare).B-BAnswerB

TheBmeasuresBofBassociationBdescribedBinBtheBfollowingBsectionBcompareBdiseaseBocc
urrenceBamongBoneBgroupBwithBdiseaseBoccurrenceBinBanotherBgroup.BExamplesBofB
measuresBofBassociationBincludeBriskBratioB(relativeBrisk),BrateBratio,BoddsBratio,BandB
proportionateBmortalityBratio.B-BAnswerB

ABriskBratioB(RR),BalsoBcalledBrelativeBrisk,BcomparesBtheBriskBofBaBhealthBeventB(dise
ase,Binjury,BriskBfactor,BorBdeath)BamongBoneBgroupBwithBtheBriskBamongBanotherBgr
oup.BItBdoesBsoBbyBdividingBtheBriskB(incidenceBproportion,BattackBrate)BinBgroupB1B
byBtheBriskB(incidenceBproportion,BattackBrate)BinBgroupB2.BTheBtwoBgroupsBareBtypic
allyBdifferentiatedBbyBsuchBdemographicBfactorsBasBsexB(e.g.,BmalesBversusBfemales)Bo
rBbyBexposureBtoBaBsuspectedBriskBfactorB(e.g.,BdidBorBdidBnotBeatBpotatoBsalad).BOf
ten,BtheBgroupBofBprimaryBinterestBisBlabeledBtheBexposedBgroup,BandBtheBcomparis
onBgroupBisBlabeledBtheBunexposedBgroup.B-BAnswerB

ABriskBratioBofB1.0BindicatesBidenticalBriskBamongBtheBtwoBgroups.BABriskBratioBgreat
erBthanB1.0BindicatesBanBincreasedBriskBforBtheBgroupBinBtheBnumerator,BusuallyBthe
BexposedBgroup.BABriskBratioBlessBthanB1.0BindicatesBaBdecreasedBriskBforBtheBexpos
edBgroup,BindicatingBthatBperhapsBexposureBactuallyBprotectsBagainstBdiseaseBoccurre
nce.B-BAnswerB

ABmeasureBofBpublicBhealthBimpactBisBusedBtoBplaceBtheBassociationBbetweenBanBex
posureBandBanBoutcomeBintoBaBmeaningfulBpublicBhealthBcontext.BWhereasBaBmeasur
eBofBassociationBquantifiesBtheBrelationshipBbetweenBexposureBandBdisease,BandBthus
BbeginsBtoBprovideBinsightBintoBcausalBrelationships,BmeasuresBofBpublicBhealthBimpa

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