AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 |
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM REVISION |
PRACTICE MATERIALS | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare, i.e. any behaviour that
is found in very few people is regarded as abnormal.
e.g. IQ - statistically unusual if below 70. diagnosed w/ intellectual disability disorder
DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or
society
abnormality based on social context
example: antisocial personality disorder (formerly psychopathy) - failure to conform to
lawful and culturally normal behaviour. psychopaths are abnormal because they deviate
from social norms/standards.
STRENGTH OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: REAL LIFE all assessment of patients w/ mental disorders includes comparison to statistical norms.
APPLICATION
thus a useful part of clinical assessment.
LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: UNUSUAL ≠ IQ scores of >130 are also statistically abnormal, but people with this are not diagnosed
BAD w/ a disorder like those who have IQ<70.
limitation because this means it should never be used alone to make a diagnosis
LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: NOT if someone is happy and fulfilled, there is no benefit from being labelled as abnormal -
EVERYONE BENEFITS FROM A LABEL could cause a negative view of self and others.
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS: different cultures label people differently - creates problems for people from one culture
CULTURALLY RELATIVE living w/i another culture
creates cultural bias in assessment
,LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS: HUMAN too much reliance on this method of assessment and lead to systematic abuse of human
RIGHTS ABUSES rights, for example diagnosing people with conditions for trying to escape slavery or
being attracted to working-class people - diagnoses used for control.
FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living.
no longer conforming to interpersonal rules, experience personal distress, behave
irrationally or dangerously.
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health. can
overlap w/ failure to function adequately
JAHODA (1958) Six conditions of ideal mental health:
(1) positive self attitude
(2) self actualisation - realising your potential, being fulfilled.
(3) resistance to stress
(4) personal autonomy - making your own decisions, being in control.
(5) accurate perception of reality
(6) adaption to the environment.
STRENGTH OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: allows patient to discuss how they struggle to cope w/ everyday pressures - captures
RECOGNISES PATIENT'S PERSPECTIVE experience of those who need help
LIMITATION OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: SAME hard to say when someone is really failing to function, or if they just deviate from social
AS DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS norms. e.e people who live alternative lifestyles. treating this as failures of adequate
functioning limits freedom.
LIMITATION OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: someone has to judge distress - patients may feel distressed but may not be viewed as
SUBJECTIVE suffering.
STRENGTH OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: broad criteria of mental health covers most reasons why someone may seek help.
COMPREHENSIVE
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: Johoda's classification may be specific to western norms. emphasis on self-actualisation
CULTURALLY RELATIVE may be seen as self-indulgence on collectivist cultures.
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: very few people actually attain all of the criteria at all times ∴ most people would be
UNREALISTICALLY HIGH STANDARD viewed as abnormal.
, CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOBIAS behavioural
- panic
- avoidance of phobic stimulus
emotional
- anxiety/fear
- unreasonable responses
cognitive
- selective attention twd phobic stimulus (difficult to focus elsewhere)
- irratoinal beliefs
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPRESSION behavioural
- low activity levels
- disruption to sleep/eating
emotional
- low mood
- anger
cognitive
- poor concentration
- absolutist thinking
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCD behavioural
- compulsions
- avoidance
emotional
- anxiety/distress
- guilt/disgust
cognitive
- obsessive thoughts
- insight into excessive anxiety (awareness that thoughts are irrational - hyper-vigilant of
obsession)
TWO-PROCESS MODEL a theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias - they
begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning.
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM REVISION |
PRACTICE MATERIALS | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare, i.e. any behaviour that
is found in very few people is regarded as abnormal.
e.g. IQ - statistically unusual if below 70. diagnosed w/ intellectual disability disorder
DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or
society
abnormality based on social context
example: antisocial personality disorder (formerly psychopathy) - failure to conform to
lawful and culturally normal behaviour. psychopaths are abnormal because they deviate
from social norms/standards.
STRENGTH OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: REAL LIFE all assessment of patients w/ mental disorders includes comparison to statistical norms.
APPLICATION
thus a useful part of clinical assessment.
LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: UNUSUAL ≠ IQ scores of >130 are also statistically abnormal, but people with this are not diagnosed
BAD w/ a disorder like those who have IQ<70.
limitation because this means it should never be used alone to make a diagnosis
LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: NOT if someone is happy and fulfilled, there is no benefit from being labelled as abnormal -
EVERYONE BENEFITS FROM A LABEL could cause a negative view of self and others.
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS: different cultures label people differently - creates problems for people from one culture
CULTURALLY RELATIVE living w/i another culture
creates cultural bias in assessment
,LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS: HUMAN too much reliance on this method of assessment and lead to systematic abuse of human
RIGHTS ABUSES rights, for example diagnosing people with conditions for trying to escape slavery or
being attracted to working-class people - diagnoses used for control.
FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living.
no longer conforming to interpersonal rules, experience personal distress, behave
irrationally or dangerously.
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health. can
overlap w/ failure to function adequately
JAHODA (1958) Six conditions of ideal mental health:
(1) positive self attitude
(2) self actualisation - realising your potential, being fulfilled.
(3) resistance to stress
(4) personal autonomy - making your own decisions, being in control.
(5) accurate perception of reality
(6) adaption to the environment.
STRENGTH OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: allows patient to discuss how they struggle to cope w/ everyday pressures - captures
RECOGNISES PATIENT'S PERSPECTIVE experience of those who need help
LIMITATION OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: SAME hard to say when someone is really failing to function, or if they just deviate from social
AS DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS norms. e.e people who live alternative lifestyles. treating this as failures of adequate
functioning limits freedom.
LIMITATION OF FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY: someone has to judge distress - patients may feel distressed but may not be viewed as
SUBJECTIVE suffering.
STRENGTH OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: broad criteria of mental health covers most reasons why someone may seek help.
COMPREHENSIVE
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: Johoda's classification may be specific to western norms. emphasis on self-actualisation
CULTURALLY RELATIVE may be seen as self-indulgence on collectivist cultures.
LIMITATION OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH: very few people actually attain all of the criteria at all times ∴ most people would be
UNREALISTICALLY HIGH STANDARD viewed as abnormal.
, CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOBIAS behavioural
- panic
- avoidance of phobic stimulus
emotional
- anxiety/fear
- unreasonable responses
cognitive
- selective attention twd phobic stimulus (difficult to focus elsewhere)
- irratoinal beliefs
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPRESSION behavioural
- low activity levels
- disruption to sleep/eating
emotional
- low mood
- anger
cognitive
- poor concentration
- absolutist thinking
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCD behavioural
- compulsions
- avoidance
emotional
- anxiety/distress
- guilt/disgust
cognitive
- obsessive thoughts
- insight into excessive anxiety (awareness that thoughts are irrational - hyper-vigilant of
obsession)
TWO-PROCESS MODEL a theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias - they
begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning.
