PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & MEDICAL SURGICAL FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 - 350 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS & RATIONALES | NGN
Course: Pathophysiology + Med-Surg Final Comprehensive 2026/2027 | 350 Questions
About: Patho + Med-Surg final: cellular injury, fluid-electrolyte, acid-base, immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neuro, endocrine
patho.
Original content created for 2026/2027 academic year based on HESI, ATI, NCSBN NGN standards, Lewis, Saunders. Not copied from official exams.
[1] Patho: What is edema mechanism?
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[2] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates?
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[3] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example?
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[4] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 4 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[5] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 5 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[6] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 6 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[7] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 7 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
, Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[8] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 8 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[9] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 9 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[10] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 10 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[11] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 11 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[12] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 12 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[13] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 13 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[14] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 14 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
, Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[15] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 15 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[16] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 16 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[17] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 17 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[18] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 18 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[19] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 19 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[20] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 20 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[21] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 21 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
, Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[22] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 22 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[23] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 23 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[24] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 24 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[25] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 25 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[26] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 26 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[27] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 27 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[28] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 28 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
WITH ANSWERS & RATIONALES | NGN
Course: Pathophysiology + Med-Surg Final Comprehensive 2026/2027 | 350 Questions
About: Patho + Med-Surg final: cellular injury, fluid-electrolyte, acid-base, immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neuro, endocrine
patho.
Original content created for 2026/2027 academic year based on HESI, ATI, NCSBN NGN standards, Lewis, Saunders. Not copied from official exams.
[1] Patho: What is edema mechanism?
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[2] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates?
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[3] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example?
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[4] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 4 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[5] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 5 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[6] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 6 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[7] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 7 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
, Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[8] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 8 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[9] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 9 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[10] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 10 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[11] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 11 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[12] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 12 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[13] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 13 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[14] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 14 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
, Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[15] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 15 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[16] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 16 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[17] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 17 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[18] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 18 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[19] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 19 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[20] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 20 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[21] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 21 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
, Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[22] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 22 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[23] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 23 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[24] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 24 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[25] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 25 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
Rationale: Edema: increased hydrostatic (HF), decreased oncotic (low albumin liver/kidney), increased permeability (inflammation), lymph
obstruction.
[26] Acid-base: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 indicates? - Variant Case 26 2026/2027
Respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation blowing off CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: A
Rationale: High pH alkalosis with low CO2 = respiratory alkalosis (anxiety, hyperventilation, pain, fever).
[27] Immune: Type I hypersensitivity example? - Variant Case 27 2026/2027
Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma - IgE mediated immediate
Contact dermatitis
Transfusion reaction
TB test
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I IgE immediate: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma. Type II cytotoxic: hemolytic transfusion. Type III immune complex:
SLE. Type IV delayed: contact dermatitis, TB test.
[28] Patho: What is edema mechanism? - Variant Case 28 2026/2027
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction
Only high protein
Only low pressure
No mechanism
Answer: A
