NURS-3537 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS
A1C Test correct answer Is one of the main tests used to diagnose prediabetes
and diabetes. The HCP will use this test to determine how to manage a patient's
diabetes.
This test is a simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over
3 months. Glucose attaches to red blood cells and RBCs have a life cycle of 90-120
days. If the test result comes back lower than 7.0, this means the patient was
compliant. If the test comes back higher than 7.0, the patient wasn't compliant
because there is too much glucose attached to RBCs and blood glucose is high.
Acute complications of HONK/HHS (6) correct answer 1. Decreased LOC (majority
of tissues in the body can use lactic acid and ketones to produce ATP except for
neurons. Once glucose doesn't enter the cells, the brain and spinal cord are
derived of ATP and this manifests as decreased LOC)
2. Profound dehydration (10-15% loss of body water) also leading to sunken
eyeballs and decreased skin turgor
3. Polydipsia, polyuria
4. Weakness resulting in nausea/vomiting
5. High serum Na, urea
6. Glucose 33-266 mmol/L
,acute pyelonephritis vs cystitis correct answer In cystitis, we look for RBCs, WBCs,
and protein in the urine whereas in acute pyelonephritis, we look for WBC casts.
WBC casts indicate inflammation in the kidneys and is most typical in acute
pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis.
bladder tumors metastasize to correct answer -liver
-lungs
-bone
-lymph nodes
Cardiovascular clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure correct answer -
pericarditis
-increased BUN and creatinine
Cause of Grave's Disease (Hyperthyroidism) correct answer TSI (an abnormal
antibody) stimulates TSH receptors of thyroid cells and produce t3 and t4 without
a negative feedback mechanism
Cause of Hyperthyroidism (1) correct answer Excessive t3 and t4 secretion
Cause of PKD correct answer -is not caused by obstruction but is due to cavities
filling up with large amounts of water
Causes of Acromegaly correct answer -GH secreting adenomas which result in an
increase in GH and IGF-1 levels
,-Important to note that GH and IGF-1 promote normal growth of bones and
tissues. GH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1
Causes of ACTH stimulated hyper-cortisolism (2) correct answer 1. Adenomas
(Important note to remember: Normally when we have an adenoma in the
pituitary gland causing excessive ACTH production, ACTH will continue to
stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. This results in high ACTH and
high Cortisol. There is also a way the body can have increased cortisol levels
without having high ACTH and this can tell us whether the problem is due to an
adenoma or due to the adrenal gland itself
2. Ectopically produced ACTH
causes of acute kidney failure correct answer -prerenal
-intrarenal
-postrenal
Causes of acute pyelonephritis? correct answer -Commonly arises from ascending
UTIs in which bacteria moves up the ureter or bacteria can enter from the blood
-also due to e.coli, proteus, and pseudomonas
Causes of calcium stones correct answer -Normally due to increased GI absorption
of calcium and due to high levels of vitamin D which allows for more calcium
absorption
-Less commonly due to hyperparathyroidism
-May follow prolonged immobilization
Causes of chronic renal failure (3) correct answer -diabetic neuropathy (40%)
, -hypertension (25%). When the body conserves water, hypertension will occur.
We need to give antihypertensive medications
-glomerulonephritis (11%)
Causes of Congenital Hypothyroidism (3) correct answer 1. Thyroid dysgenesis
(severely undeveloped or ectopic thyroid) or thyroid agenesis (absence of thyroid
gland)
2. Point mutation resulting in genetic defects of thyroxin
3. Cretinism: people have severe and stunted physical and mental growth due to
untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone
Causes of cystitis correct answer -mostly due to e.coli and S.S (staph saphro)
-occasionally due to proteus and klebsiella (which are part of the normal GI tract
flora and enter the urinary tract through improper hygiene of perineal area)
Causes of diabetic ketoacidosis correct answer -Due to inadequate insulin but can
also be affected by stress, infection, diabetes, sepsis
Causes of HONK/HHS correct answer Triggered by illness and infection and can
also be brought upon by Cushing's syndrome, MI, burns, sepsis
Causes of hyper-aldosteronism (3) correct answer 1. Adenoma of the zona
glomerulosa
2. Hyperkalemia (getting rid of the excess potassium and keeping sodium at the
kidney level)
ACCURATE ANSWERS
A1C Test correct answer Is one of the main tests used to diagnose prediabetes
and diabetes. The HCP will use this test to determine how to manage a patient's
diabetes.
This test is a simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over
3 months. Glucose attaches to red blood cells and RBCs have a life cycle of 90-120
days. If the test result comes back lower than 7.0, this means the patient was
compliant. If the test comes back higher than 7.0, the patient wasn't compliant
because there is too much glucose attached to RBCs and blood glucose is high.
Acute complications of HONK/HHS (6) correct answer 1. Decreased LOC (majority
of tissues in the body can use lactic acid and ketones to produce ATP except for
neurons. Once glucose doesn't enter the cells, the brain and spinal cord are
derived of ATP and this manifests as decreased LOC)
2. Profound dehydration (10-15% loss of body water) also leading to sunken
eyeballs and decreased skin turgor
3. Polydipsia, polyuria
4. Weakness resulting in nausea/vomiting
5. High serum Na, urea
6. Glucose 33-266 mmol/L
,acute pyelonephritis vs cystitis correct answer In cystitis, we look for RBCs, WBCs,
and protein in the urine whereas in acute pyelonephritis, we look for WBC casts.
WBC casts indicate inflammation in the kidneys and is most typical in acute
pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis.
bladder tumors metastasize to correct answer -liver
-lungs
-bone
-lymph nodes
Cardiovascular clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure correct answer -
pericarditis
-increased BUN and creatinine
Cause of Grave's Disease (Hyperthyroidism) correct answer TSI (an abnormal
antibody) stimulates TSH receptors of thyroid cells and produce t3 and t4 without
a negative feedback mechanism
Cause of Hyperthyroidism (1) correct answer Excessive t3 and t4 secretion
Cause of PKD correct answer -is not caused by obstruction but is due to cavities
filling up with large amounts of water
Causes of Acromegaly correct answer -GH secreting adenomas which result in an
increase in GH and IGF-1 levels
,-Important to note that GH and IGF-1 promote normal growth of bones and
tissues. GH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1
Causes of ACTH stimulated hyper-cortisolism (2) correct answer 1. Adenomas
(Important note to remember: Normally when we have an adenoma in the
pituitary gland causing excessive ACTH production, ACTH will continue to
stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. This results in high ACTH and
high Cortisol. There is also a way the body can have increased cortisol levels
without having high ACTH and this can tell us whether the problem is due to an
adenoma or due to the adrenal gland itself
2. Ectopically produced ACTH
causes of acute kidney failure correct answer -prerenal
-intrarenal
-postrenal
Causes of acute pyelonephritis? correct answer -Commonly arises from ascending
UTIs in which bacteria moves up the ureter or bacteria can enter from the blood
-also due to e.coli, proteus, and pseudomonas
Causes of calcium stones correct answer -Normally due to increased GI absorption
of calcium and due to high levels of vitamin D which allows for more calcium
absorption
-Less commonly due to hyperparathyroidism
-May follow prolonged immobilization
Causes of chronic renal failure (3) correct answer -diabetic neuropathy (40%)
, -hypertension (25%). When the body conserves water, hypertension will occur.
We need to give antihypertensive medications
-glomerulonephritis (11%)
Causes of Congenital Hypothyroidism (3) correct answer 1. Thyroid dysgenesis
(severely undeveloped or ectopic thyroid) or thyroid agenesis (absence of thyroid
gland)
2. Point mutation resulting in genetic defects of thyroxin
3. Cretinism: people have severe and stunted physical and mental growth due to
untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone
Causes of cystitis correct answer -mostly due to e.coli and S.S (staph saphro)
-occasionally due to proteus and klebsiella (which are part of the normal GI tract
flora and enter the urinary tract through improper hygiene of perineal area)
Causes of diabetic ketoacidosis correct answer -Due to inadequate insulin but can
also be affected by stress, infection, diabetes, sepsis
Causes of HONK/HHS correct answer Triggered by illness and infection and can
also be brought upon by Cushing's syndrome, MI, burns, sepsis
Causes of hyper-aldosteronism (3) correct answer 1. Adenoma of the zona
glomerulosa
2. Hyperkalemia (getting rid of the excess potassium and keeping sodium at the
kidney level)
