Robbins Basic Pathology
10th Edition
Author(s)Vinay Kumar; MBBS; MD;
FRCPath; Abul K. Abbas; MBBS and
Jon C. Aster; MD; PhD
Print ISBN: 9780323353175
,Question 1
A researcher examines a population of human cells and finds that a
mutation has occurred in a gene required for production of a
structural protein. Which cellular component most directly
determines the sequence of amino acids incorporated into the
protein?
A. Mitochondrial inner membrane
B. DNA sequence within the gene
,C. Extracellular matrix
D. Plasma membrane lipid bilayer
Correct Answer: B. DNA sequence within the gene
Rationale: The DNA sequence within a gene contains the information
that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through
transcription and translation. The mitochondrial inner membrane is
involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the extracellular matrix
provides structural and signaling support outside cells, and the plasma
membrane regulates transport and communication rather than
encoding protein sequence.
Question 2
A child has a genetic disorder caused by a mutation that results in
production of a completely abnormal protein despite normal
transcription of the affected gene. Which process most directly
translates the genetic information into the abnormal protein?
A. DNA replication
B. RNA transcription
C. Ribosomal translation
D. DNA repair
Correct Answer: C. Ribosomal translation
Rationale: Translation occurs on ribosomes and uses messenger RNA
as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein. DNA replication
duplicates genetic material, transcription produces RNA from DNA,
and DNA repair corrects damage to genomic DNA rather than directly
producing protein.
Question 3
A patient develops a hereditary disease because a mutation changes
, the coding sequence of a protein while leaving the surrounding DNA
intact. Which statement best explains how this mutation can produce
disease?
A. It necessarily prevents all DNA replication in the affected cell
B. It may alter protein structure or function and disrupt cellular
homeostasis
C. It eliminates every RNA molecule produced by the cell
D. It prevents extracellular matrix formation in all tissues
Correct Answer: B. It may alter protein structure or function and
disrupt cellular homeostasis
Rationale: A mutation affecting a coding sequence can produce a
structurally abnormal or functionally impaired protein, which may
interfere with a critical cellular process and cause disease. Such a
mutation does not necessarily stop DNA replication or eliminate all
RNA production, and its effects are not limited to extracellular matrix
formation.
Question 4
A laboratory compound selectively inhibits ribosomal protein
synthesis in a cell while DNA replication and transcription remain
intact. Which immediate cellular process is most directly impaired?
A. Formation of messenger RNA
B. Assembly of polypeptide chains
C. Duplication of chromosomes
D. Storage of genetic information
Correct Answer: B. Assembly of polypeptide chains
Rationale: Ribosomes translate messenger RNA into polypeptide
chains, making protein synthesis the process most directly affected.
10th Edition
Author(s)Vinay Kumar; MBBS; MD;
FRCPath; Abul K. Abbas; MBBS and
Jon C. Aster; MD; PhD
Print ISBN: 9780323353175
,Question 1
A researcher examines a population of human cells and finds that a
mutation has occurred in a gene required for production of a
structural protein. Which cellular component most directly
determines the sequence of amino acids incorporated into the
protein?
A. Mitochondrial inner membrane
B. DNA sequence within the gene
,C. Extracellular matrix
D. Plasma membrane lipid bilayer
Correct Answer: B. DNA sequence within the gene
Rationale: The DNA sequence within a gene contains the information
that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through
transcription and translation. The mitochondrial inner membrane is
involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the extracellular matrix
provides structural and signaling support outside cells, and the plasma
membrane regulates transport and communication rather than
encoding protein sequence.
Question 2
A child has a genetic disorder caused by a mutation that results in
production of a completely abnormal protein despite normal
transcription of the affected gene. Which process most directly
translates the genetic information into the abnormal protein?
A. DNA replication
B. RNA transcription
C. Ribosomal translation
D. DNA repair
Correct Answer: C. Ribosomal translation
Rationale: Translation occurs on ribosomes and uses messenger RNA
as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein. DNA replication
duplicates genetic material, transcription produces RNA from DNA,
and DNA repair corrects damage to genomic DNA rather than directly
producing protein.
Question 3
A patient develops a hereditary disease because a mutation changes
, the coding sequence of a protein while leaving the surrounding DNA
intact. Which statement best explains how this mutation can produce
disease?
A. It necessarily prevents all DNA replication in the affected cell
B. It may alter protein structure or function and disrupt cellular
homeostasis
C. It eliminates every RNA molecule produced by the cell
D. It prevents extracellular matrix formation in all tissues
Correct Answer: B. It may alter protein structure or function and
disrupt cellular homeostasis
Rationale: A mutation affecting a coding sequence can produce a
structurally abnormal or functionally impaired protein, which may
interfere with a critical cellular process and cause disease. Such a
mutation does not necessarily stop DNA replication or eliminate all
RNA production, and its effects are not limited to extracellular matrix
formation.
Question 4
A laboratory compound selectively inhibits ribosomal protein
synthesis in a cell while DNA replication and transcription remain
intact. Which immediate cellular process is most directly impaired?
A. Formation of messenger RNA
B. Assembly of polypeptide chains
C. Duplication of chromosomes
D. Storage of genetic information
Correct Answer: B. Assembly of polypeptide chains
Rationale: Ribosomes translate messenger RNA into polypeptide
chains, making protein synthesis the process most directly affected.
