1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
,1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
⚫ Anatomy & Physiology: study of body’s structure and function.
◼ Anatomy: the study of the body’s blank
◼ Physiology: the study of the body’s blank
blank of the heart. blank of the heart.
Pulmonary Aortic
Valve Valve
Mitral
Tricuspid Valve
Valve
EXAMPLE: Mark the following statements with an “A” if you think it relates to anatomy and a “P” if you think it
relates more to physiology.
blank The hormone insulin is released when blood glucose levels increase.
blank Two major blood vessels enter the liver, the hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic artery.
blank Electric charge in neurons is maintained through a gradient of ions across the cell membrane.
blank Ligaments and tendons are largely composed of collagen fibers.
blank There are 206 named bones in the human body.
blank Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will increase heart rate and elevate blood pressure.
Page 2
,1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
EXAMPLE: Two biologists are studying the causes of acid reflux (heartburn). Determine whether each biologist
takes a more anatomical approach to their study or a more physiological approach.
a) Rita uses a probe to measure the change in pH of subjects’ stomach acid before and after eating and
compares that data to the amount of heartburn the subject reports experiencing.
blank
b) Andre uses MRI data to compare the shape of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, and esophagus, for 100
subjects who complain of regular heartburn and 100 subjects who do not experience heartburn.
blank
PRACTICE: People who lift weights or participate in similar resistance exercise will typically have bones that are
thicker and even restructured internally compared to people who do not lift weights. This increased thickness and
restructuring results in stronger bones. As described here, is the difference between people who lift weights and
those who don't a difference in anatomy or a difference in physiology?
a) Anatomy.
b) Physiology.
c) Neither anatomy nor physiology.
d) Equally both anatomy and physiology.
PRACTICE: Which describes an activity that would most likely be performed by someone that considers themselves a
physiologist?
a) Perform a detailed dissection of a cadaver’s calf muscles to identify the layers of muscle and connective tissue.
b) Grow liver cells in cell culture to measure how quickly they metabolize alcohol in different conditions.
c) Weigh the brains of many individuals to test for a correlation to body size.
d) Map the ducts of different glands and mathematically analyze if the branching patterns are optimally
connected.
Page 3
, 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
Anatomy & Physiology Are Closely Related
⚫ Anatomy & Physiology are not completely blank
◼ Principle of complementarity
Structure exists to perform a function.
Therefore:
To understand why an organ is _________ a certain way,
you must understand what it _________.
Anatomy Physiology
Function is determined by structure.
Therefore:
To understand how an organ ____________ its job, you
must understand how it is _____________.
EXAMPLE: What relationship does the following information illustrate?
n Structure of lungs:
- Network of passageways deliver air.
- Alveoli increase surface area.
- Extremely thin walls.
- Many small capillaries deliver blood.
n Function of lungs:
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood.
Relationship: blank
Page 4
,1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
⚫ Anatomy & Physiology: study of body’s structure and function.
◼ Anatomy: the study of the body’s blank
◼ Physiology: the study of the body’s blank
blank of the heart. blank of the heart.
Pulmonary Aortic
Valve Valve
Mitral
Tricuspid Valve
Valve
EXAMPLE: Mark the following statements with an “A” if you think it relates to anatomy and a “P” if you think it
relates more to physiology.
blank The hormone insulin is released when blood glucose levels increase.
blank Two major blood vessels enter the liver, the hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic artery.
blank Electric charge in neurons is maintained through a gradient of ions across the cell membrane.
blank Ligaments and tendons are largely composed of collagen fibers.
blank There are 206 named bones in the human body.
blank Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will increase heart rate and elevate blood pressure.
Page 2
,1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
EXAMPLE: Two biologists are studying the causes of acid reflux (heartburn). Determine whether each biologist
takes a more anatomical approach to their study or a more physiological approach.
a) Rita uses a probe to measure the change in pH of subjects’ stomach acid before and after eating and
compares that data to the amount of heartburn the subject reports experiencing.
blank
b) Andre uses MRI data to compare the shape of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, and esophagus, for 100
subjects who complain of regular heartburn and 100 subjects who do not experience heartburn.
blank
PRACTICE: People who lift weights or participate in similar resistance exercise will typically have bones that are
thicker and even restructured internally compared to people who do not lift weights. This increased thickness and
restructuring results in stronger bones. As described here, is the difference between people who lift weights and
those who don't a difference in anatomy or a difference in physiology?
a) Anatomy.
b) Physiology.
c) Neither anatomy nor physiology.
d) Equally both anatomy and physiology.
PRACTICE: Which describes an activity that would most likely be performed by someone that considers themselves a
physiologist?
a) Perform a detailed dissection of a cadaver’s calf muscles to identify the layers of muscle and connective tissue.
b) Grow liver cells in cell culture to measure how quickly they metabolize alcohol in different conditions.
c) Weigh the brains of many individuals to test for a correlation to body size.
d) Map the ducts of different glands and mathematically analyze if the branching patterns are optimally
connected.
Page 3
, 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
TOPIC: WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
Anatomy & Physiology Are Closely Related
⚫ Anatomy & Physiology are not completely blank
◼ Principle of complementarity
Structure exists to perform a function.
Therefore:
To understand why an organ is _________ a certain way,
you must understand what it _________.
Anatomy Physiology
Function is determined by structure.
Therefore:
To understand how an organ ____________ its job, you
must understand how it is _____________.
EXAMPLE: What relationship does the following information illustrate?
n Structure of lungs:
- Network of passageways deliver air.
- Alveoli increase surface area.
- Extremely thin walls.
- Many small capillaries deliver blood.
n Function of lungs:
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood.
Relationship: blank
Page 4
