Nursing Pathophysiology — Exam 4 Complete Study Guide 300 Questions With Verified Answers & Detailed Rationales| Latest Update| 2026/2027| Brand New!!

NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY — EXAM 4 COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE 300 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
& DETAILED RATIONALES| LATEST UPDATE|
2026/2027| BRAND NEW!!

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: GENETICS & NEOPLASIA ................................ Q 1–60
SECTION 2: INFECTIOUS DISEASE & IMMUNOLOGY ..................... Q 61–120
SECTION 3: INTEGUMENTARY & SENSORY DISORDERS ................... Q 121–170
SECTION 4: MULTISYSTEM & SHOCK ................................. Q 171–220
SECTION 5: BURNS, WOUNDS & ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY ................ Q 221–270
SECTION 6: NGN CASE SCENARIOS — EXAM 4 ......................... Q 271–300

SECTION 1: GENETICS & NEOPLASIA (Q 1–60)
Q1. What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
A) Promote cell division
B) Inhibit cell division and promote apoptosis
C) Repair DNA damage
D) Regulate immune responses
Answer: B
Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell division and promote
apoptosis. When inactivated by mutation, they lose their protective function,
contributing to cancer development. Oncogenes (A) promote cell division. DNA
repair genes (C) repair DNA damage but are not classified as tumor suppressors.
Immune response genes (D) regulate immunity.

Q2. Which of the following is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?
A) RAS
B) MYC
C) TP53
D) HER2
Answer: C
Rationale: TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in many cancers. RAS
(A), MYC (B), and HER2 (D) are oncogenes.

Q3. Which of the following is an example of an oncogene?
A) TP53
B) BRCA1
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,C) RB1
D) RAS
Answer: D
Rationale: RAS is an oncogene that is mutated in many cancers. TP53 (A), BRCA1
(B), and RB1 (C) are tumor suppressor genes.

Q4. What is the two-hit hypothesis?
A) Both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated for cancer to
develop
B) One mutation is sufficient for cancer to develop
C) Oncogenes require two mutations to cause cancer
D) Cancer is caused by viruses
Answer: A
Rationale: The two-hit hypothesis (Knudson hypothesis) states that both alleles of
a tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated for cancer to develop.

Q5. What is loss of heterozygosity (LOH)?
A) The loss of the remaining normal allele of a tumor suppressor gene
B) The gain of an oncogene
C) The duplication of a tumor suppressor gene
D) The mutation of a proto-oncogene
Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is the loss of the remaining normal allele
of a tumor suppressor gene, leading to complete loss of function.

Q6. What is the primary cause of Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
A) Mutation in TP53
B) Mutation in BRCA1
C) Mutation in RB1
D) Mutation in APC
Answer: A
Rationale: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by
mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.

Q7. What is the primary cause of retinoblastoma?
A) Mutation in RB1
B) Mutation in TP53
C) Mutation in BRCA1
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,D) Mutation in APC
Answer: A
Rationale: Retinoblastoma is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by mutations
in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene.

Q8. What is the primary cause of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?
A) Mutation in APC
B) Mutation in TP53
C) Mutation in BRCA1
D) Mutation in RB1
Answer: A
Rationale: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary cancer syndrome
caused by mutations in the APC tumor suppressor gene.

Q9. What is the primary cause of Lynch syndrome?
A) Mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes
B) Mutation in TP53
C) Mutation in BRCA1
D) Mutation in RB1
Answer: A
Rationale: Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC) is
a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair
genes.

Q10. What is the primary cause of breast and ovarian cancer syndrome?
A) Mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2
B) Mutation in TP53
C) Mutation in RB1
D) Mutation in APC
Answer: A
Rationale: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome is caused by mutations
in BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes.

Q11. What is the primary cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
A) Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))
B) Mutation in TP53
C) Mutation in RB1
D) Mutation in APC
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, Answer: A
Rationale: CML is caused by the Philadelphia chromosome, a reciprocal
translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that creates the BCR-ABL fusion
gene.

Q12. What is the BCR-ABL fusion gene?
A) A fusion gene created by the Philadelphia chromosome that causes CML
B) A tumor suppressor gene
C) A DNA repair gene
D) A cell cycle gene
Answer: A
Rationale: The BCR-ABL fusion gene is created by the Philadelphia chromosome
and encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that causes CML.

Q13. What is a carcinogen?
A) An agent that causes cancer
B) An agent that prevents cancer
C) A type of protein
D) A type of RNA
Answer: A
Rationale: A carcinogen is a physical, chemical, or biological agent that causes
cancer.

Q14. What is a mutagen?
A) An agent that causes mutations
B) An agent that prevents mutations
C) A type of protein
D) A type of RNA
Answer: A
Rationale: A mutagen is an agent that causes mutations, which can lead to cancer.

Q15. What is the Ames test?
A) A test used to assess the mutagenicity of chemicals
B) A test used to assess antibiotic resistance
C) A test used to assess bacterial growth
D) A test used to assess gene expression
Answer: A

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